The Blind Side Essay Example for Free

The Blind Side EssayOur surroundings can be both lowering and comforting. Discuss in relation to the behaviour of Michael Oher in the film. Some settings we encounter in our lives are both familiar and dangerous to us. commode Lee Hancock shows this particularly well through the character of Michael Oher in The Blind Side. Settings such as the Touhy house, the Christian school and the suburb of disadvantage Village, where Michaels mother lives, serve as examples of these contradictory places.Briarcrest Christian School is a place where Michael originally feels threatened, but becomes a place of comfort for him as the movie progresses. When he first moves to the school, Michael does not know any angiotensin-converting enzyme, and is daunted by the lack of diversity in the students. He does not seem to understand the work, or wish to do it, and his teachers do not try to help him. This is evident in his poem White Walls, which is found in the rubbish by one of his teachers. In his writing Michael outlines that he looks and he sees white everywhere, white walls, white floors, and a lot of white people. Here Hancock refers to Michaels race and how lonely he feels at the school. Michael also says that he has no idea of anything the teachers are talking about and that they expect him to do the problems on his own, implying that he is not confident with working independently.The shooting where the teachers hear his poem is when things start to change. They realise that Michael needs help, and start to provide him with it letting him take tests orally and giving him extra support. The teachers discover that Michael Oher is not dull and his grades start improving. This implies that he does want to learn, and is becoming more acclimatised to the work and school. Through his friendship with SJ, he becomes more socially accepted and school is no lasting so lonely for him. As the film progresses, Michael grows to be comfortable at the school, and with his grade i mprovement, feels like he belongs with his peers.Another place Michael finds both comforting and threatening is the suburb where he grew up. He lived there with his mother during his early childhood, and yet ironically it is one of the places where Michael is most likely to be hurt. He feels a esthesis of duty to his mother, and returns to her despite.

Outline and Evaluate Two Models of Abnormality Essay Example for Free

Outline and Evaluate Two Models of Abnormality EssayThe essence of a psychodynamic approach is to explain behaviour in monetary value of its dynamics i. e. the forces that drive it. The best known example of this approach is Freud. Freud believed that the origins of intellectual disorder lie in the unresolved conflicts or childhoods which be unwitting. Medical illnesses are not the outcome of physical disorders save of these psychological conflicts. Conflicts between the id, ego, and superego create anxiety. The ego protects itself with various defence mechanisms (ego defences). These defences can be the cause of disturbed behaviour if they are overused.In childhood the ego is not developed enough to deal with traumas and therefore they are repressed. For example, a child may experience the termination of a parent early in life and repress associated feelings. Later in life, former(a) needinesses may cause the individual to re-experience the earlier loss and can lead to depression. Previously the unexpressed anger about the loss is directed inwards towards the self, causing depression. Ego defences, such as repression and regression, exert public press through unconsciously actuate behaviour.Freud proposed that the unconscious consists of memories and another(prenominal) information that are either very hard or almost impossible to bring into conscious awareness. Despite this, the unconscious mind exerts a powerful effect on behaviour. This frequently leads to distress, as the person does not understand why they are acting in that particular way. The underlying problem cannot be controlled until brought into conscious awareness. However Abstract concepts such as the id, ego and superego are difficult to define and research.Because actions motivated by them operate on an unconscious level, there is no way to know for certain that they are occurring. Also a common criticism of Freuds work is that it was sexist. The Biological approach is the view that behaviour can all be explained in terms of biological mechanisms, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, brain application and influences inherited via genes. A biological psychologist explains abnormal behaviour in terms of an abnormal biology, and therefore explains mental disorder as the consequence of malfunctioning of these biological systems.It follows the belief that treatment should repair these faulty systems, using somatic therapies such as drugs, ECT and psychosurgery. The biological (medical) model assumes that all mental disorders are related to to several(prenominal) change in the body. Mental disorders are like physical disorders i. e. they are illnesses. Such changes or illnesses may be caused by one of quadruplet possible factors * Genetic Inheritance * Biochemistry * Neuroanatomy * Viral infection Abnormalities in brain anatomy or chemistry are sometimes the result of genetic inheritance, and so are passed from parent to child.One way of investigation this possibility is by studying equalises. Pairs of identical twins can be compared to see whether, when one twin has a disorder, the other has it as well. This provides us with a concordance rate. A concordance Rate the extent to which two individuals are similar to each other in terms of a particular trait. There are low concordance rates for some mental disorders, such as phobias, but comparatively high concordance rates for others e. g. schizophrenia. Genes tell the body how to function.They determine, for example, the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters in the brain (biochemistry). Genes also determine the structure of the brain (Neuroanatomy). Research has shown that schizophrenics have enlarged ventricles in their brains, indicating of brain tissue around these spaces. Research suggests that some disorders may be related to exposure to certain viruses in utero (i. e. in the womb). For example, Torrey (2001) found that the mothers of many hatful with schizophrenia had cont racted a particular strain of influenza during pregnancy.The virus may enter the unborn childs brain, where it remains dormant until puberty, when other hormones may activate it, producing the symptoms of schizophrenia. The emergence of the medical model in the 18th century led to more(prenominal) humane treatment for mental patients. Until then mental illness was blamed on demons or on evil in the individual. The medical model offered a different source of blame the illness, which was potentially treatable. However, more recent critics have claimed that the medical model is inhumane.Thomas Szasz (1972) argued that mental illnesses did not have a physical basis, therefore should not be thought of in the same way. He suggested that the concept of mental illness was invented as a form of social control. The available evidence does not support a unreserved cause and effect link between mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and altered brain chemistry. For example, schizophrenia is commonly associated with an excess of the brain neurotransmitter dopamine.However, some studies of schizophrenic patients have shown reduced levels of dopamine in some brain tissues, meaning that there may be simultaneous excesses and deficiencies in different separate of the brain. There is no evidence that mental disorders are purely caused by genetic inheritance concordance rates are never 100%. Gottersman and Shields (1976) reviewed the results of tail fin studies of twins looking for concordance rates for schizophrenia. They found that in monozygotic twins (identical) there was a concordance rate of around 50%. If schizophrenia was entirely the product of genetic inheritance then this figure should be 100%.It is likely that, in the case of certain disorders, what individuals inherit is dexterity for the disorder, but the disorder itself only develops if the individual is exposed to stressful life conditions (i. e. stress). This is called the diathesis-stress model. Diathesis- Stress Model a belief that, in case of certain disorders, individuals inherit a susceptibility for the disorder (diathesis) which develops only if he individual is exposed to difficult environmental conditions (stress). The greater the under-lying vulnerability, the less stress is needed to trigger the disorder.

Secondary Sjögren’s Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Secondary Sjgrens Syndrome and Rheumatoid ArthritisSecondary Sjgrens Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis Activity a case of intemperate juiceless eyeAuthorsDina Christina Janse van Rensburg, MD1, 2Catharina Cornelia Grant, PhD1, 2Audrey Jansen van Rensburg, MSc1,2Pieter Roelof Cronj, FC Ophth, MBChB3Thelani Catharina Grant, BSc Agric (Hons)1, 2AbstractPatients with Sjgrens syndrome present with a wide browse of clinical manifestations that carries a high rate of morbidity and mortality with increased risk of lymphoma development. Sjgrens syndrome is either a primary disorder, or secondary to separate autoimmune disorders e.g. rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Due to the multiple aspects of the disease and the similarity of the symptoms to other diseases, diagnosing and management of Sjgrens syndrome is challenging. Among the symptoms, Sjgren syndrome typically presents with dry eyes that may egress in mischievous ocular surface disorders such as persistent epithelial defects, and conve ntional dry eye therapy is often unsuccessful in exacting ocular signs and symptoms. We highlight the rargon case of a 50 year old woman whom disdain well controlled RA disease activity excuse manifested with severe secondary Sjgrens syndrome. It was only after autologous serum was applied as a last resort that her ocular symptoms improved.Keywords Rheumatoid arthritis, dry eyes, Sjgrens syndrome, autologous serum, inflammationIntroductionSjgrens syndrome (SS) is a general autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands. A lymphocytic infiltration in the salivary and lacrymal glands results in reduced secretion, jazzing to continual dryness of the mouth and eyes.1-3 SS may manifest as a primary disease presenting as a single(a) entity, or secondary in combination with other autoimmune disorders.4 The prevalence of secondary SS relates predominantly to RA5 and associates with increased disease acivity.6 It may present with a systemic component, including painful joints, dry an d itchy sunlight sensitive skin, irritable bowel, liver problems and extreme tiredness. Because of the many possible clinical pictures of SS it is a challenging diagnosis to do work and may therefore go undiagnosed for many years after the onset of symptoms.3,7-9 Dryness symptoms are amplified in patients with RA, it increases with age and are associated with the severity of illness, relating to worsened outcomes measures of the disease. Approximately 25% RA patients presents with keratoconjunctivitis sicca as the most prevailing and frequent ocular complication.5,10 Several therapies have been identified that inhibit inflammatory mediators and mechanisms in dry eye disease, however the interference of persistent epithelial defects and severe ocular dryness by means of topical tear replacement often proofs inadequate.11 In this case study we report a RA patient who regardless of well controlled discussion with a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor, still genuine severe seconda ry SS. autologous serum drop-offs offered significant improvement of her extreme ocular surface inflammation and symptoms, when all other treatment modalities failed.Case spread abroadA 50 year old Caucasian woman was diagnosed with RA. During the course of the illness she was treated with methotrexate, folic acid, meloxicam, prednisone, sulfasalazine and leflunomide. Seven years post RA diagnosis and despite well controlled disease on adalimumab, methotrexate and folic acid, her eyes became extremely dry and highly sensitive to light. This dryness caused severe, constant discomfort and visual blurring, rendering her part incapacitated, even though her corrected vision was still normal at 6/6. She had to wear sunglasses indoors and could not drive independently. On examen of her corneas the various findings confirmed the severity of her dry eyes. These included a tear breakup time of 5 seconds bilaterally, mucus filaments, punctuate corneal straining and an some non-existing te ar meniscus indicating very little tear secretion. Evidence of previous (healed) peripheral ulcerative keratitis could be seen on the medial aspect of both corneas.These symptoms lead to the diagnosis of Sjgrens syndrome. She was treated with all possible modalities including punctum plugs and multitudes of topical medication including Cyclosporine A, with no apparent improvement. A decision was made to attempt an eye drop prepared from autologous serum. Her condition improved remarkably in the year since she started the serum.DiscussionSjgrens syndrome was first described by the eye specialist Hendrik Sjgren in 1933. It presents with a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca(dry eyes, in part known as Sicca syndrome), xerostomia (dry mouth), skin lesions, lymphoproliferative disorders, neurologic involvement, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis.3,9,12 In view of the wide range of severe systemic manifesta tions of the disease patients are often characterised with higher morbidity and mortality, which are in general related to an enhanced probability to develop lymphoma.3,13 Most patients with SS are middle-aged women, and symptoms mostly occur with the accompaniment of, but not exclusively to, RA.3,12Recently literature differentiates mingled with two main types of the disease The glandular (exocrine gland- localised) form that affects mainly the quality of life of the patient, and the systemic syndrome type which display extraglandular manifestations that may lead to lymphoma.3 The glandular phenomenon includes ocular symptoms (dry eyes, xerophthalmia) and literal involvement (dry mouth, xerostomia, caries and candidiasis).3 Extraglandular manifestations consist of musculoskeletal indications, Raynauds phenomenon, renal, liver and neurological involvement, vasculitis and haematologic manifestations.3,13DiagnosisSjgrens syndrome is difficult to diagnose due to the multiple aspects of the syndrome, and similarity to the symptoms caused by other diseases.3,7,8 SS is a slow progressing disorder, and on total may take approximately 5 years from the onset of symptoms before the correct diagnosis is reached.8Sjgrens syndrome is strongly suggested in patients who present with both signs and symptoms of oral and ocular dryness and who test positive to the diagnostic criteria. From clinical experience it was found that if a patient does not suffer from both dry eyes and dry mouth, it is necessary to exclude further causes of the dry eyes by means of differential diagnoses.13A series of tests in the diagnosis of Sjgrens syndrome are outlined in Table 1. These criteria consider dryness symptoms, changes in salivary and lacrimal gland function, and systemic findings.8Table 1. Tests and criteria used to diagnose Sjgrens Syndrome8 treatmentThe aim of treatment for dry eyes is mainly to provide relief of symptoms and to prevent corneal epitheliopathy. Management of the di sease currently includes artificial bust, topical secretagogues, local immunomodulatory drops, lachrymal duct occlusion and hypotonic hyaluronic acid drops in the treatment of dry eyes.3 Different methods of treatment that may be used independently or in combination with tear supplements include systemic immunoactive drugs and calcineurin inhibitors, topical corticosteroids and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.3Patients with dry eyes normally respond well to these treatments that focus on optimising the ocular surface environment. Some patients, however, present with more serious ocular surface disorders, that do not react to conventional treatment, which may lead to severe visual impairment.14,15 Fujita et al.10 drew attention to the exceptionally high incidence of dry eyes in patients with RA. Their conclusions are that although RA patients with SS present with systemic personnels on dry eyes, there seems to be other local factors independently of the systemic proce ss, that disturbs the ocular surface and control the severity of dry eyes in RA patients.5,16 Due to the many local elements active in dry eyes it calls for improved new therapeutic agents for managing dry eyes without making use of systemic agents.5The various factors that contribute to a healthy ocular surface include an adequate blink reflex, normal tear production and healthy adnexae.14 Typically tears contain epitheliotrophic factors including growth factors, vitamins and fibronectin that are of vital importance to the ocular epithelial health.15 These factors support the viability, proliferation and migration of ocular surface epithelial cells.15 They are not found in pharmaceutical tear substitutes, but do however occur in blood serum. Clinical cohort studies have reported the successful useof epitheliotrophic factors in autologous serum drops to improve severe cases of dry eyes where other conventional treatments fall short.14,15Autologous serum drops was first described in 1984 as a substitute constituent free of potentially harmful substances17 applied as unpreserved artificial tears.15 It is believed that the epitheliotrophic factors in the serum are the rationale behind its success in the treatment of extremely dry eyes.15The use of autologous serum eye drops may in many cases be a last resort of treatment for SS patients who have not responded well to conventional tear replacement therapy. Even though the preparation thereof is costly and complex, it proofs a clinically effective treatment in ocular surface diseases.3,11 Being non-allergenic with biochemical properties akin to normal tears,3,18 it benefits the conjunctival epithelium supplementing essential vitamins, fibronectin, anti-proteases and growth factors. This may stimulate its proliferation and repair,11 and play an beta place in the integrity of the cornea and conjunctiva.3,11Autologous serum appears to be more effective in resistant cases. It may also play an essential role adjunct t o therapy in other ophthalmological conditions as seen in chemical injuries of the ocular surface.ConclusionSjgrens syndrome may cause marked disability in patients misfortunate from the disease, especially when secondary to RA. In this case study, despite optimal control with a TNF inhibitor the patient still presented with SS and suffered from severe xerophthalmia. All treatment modalities had failed and as a last alternative autologous eye serum was instituted. This significantly improved the severe dry eyes and persistent epithelial defects and enabled her to live a normal life.ConsentWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report. A copy of the written consent is available for review.References1.Shiel W. What is rheumatoid arthritis?. 4/24/2014 Available at http//www.medicinenet.com/rheumatoid_arthritis/article.htm. Accessed June 26, 2014.2.Antero DC, Parra AGM, Miyazaki FH, Gehlen M, Skare TL. Secondary Sjgrens syndrome and disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. Rev.Assoc.Med.Bras. 2011 05/2057(3)319-322.3.Vitali C, Palombi G, Cataleta P. Treating Sjgrens Syndrome Insights for the Clinician. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2010 062(3)155-166.4.Patel R, Shahane A. The epidemiology of Sjgrens syndrome. Clin Epidemiol 2014 07/306247-255.5.Lemp MA. Dry eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca), rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjgrens syndrome. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 2005 11140(5)898-899.6.Fox RI. Sjgrens syndrome. lancet arch 2005 07/23366(9482)321-331.7.Mayo Clinic. Diseases and Conditions Sjogrens syndrome tests and diagnosis. Jul. 08, 2014 Available at http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sjogrens-syndrome/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20020275. Accessed June 25, 2014.8.Sjgrens Syndrome Foundation. Diagnosis about Sjgrens Syndrome. 2014 Available at http//www.sjogrens.org/home/ about-sjogrens-syndrome/diagnosis. Accessed June 26, 2014.9.Kruszka P, OBrian R,J. Diagnosis and management of Sjgren syndrome. Am.Fam.Physician 2009 0 3/1579(6)465-470.10.Fujita M, Igarashi T, Kurai T, Sakane M, Yoshino S, Takahashi H. Correlation between dry eye and rheumatoid arthritis activity. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 2005 11140(5)808-813.11.Cho YK, Huang W, Kim GY, Lim BS. Comparison of autologous serum eye drops with different diluents. Curr.Eye Res. 2013 0138(1)9-17.12.ELLMAN P, Weber FP, Goodier T. A contribution to the pathology of Sjgrens disease. QJM 195120(1)33-42.13.Kassan SS, Moutsopoulos HM. Clinical manifestations and early diagnosis of Sjgren syndrome. Arch.Intern.Med. 2004 06/28164(12)1275-1284.14.Noble BA, Loh RSK, MacLennan S, Pesudovs K, Reynolds A, Bridges LR, et al. Comparison of autologous serum eye drops with conventional therapy in a randomised controlled crossover trial for ocular surface disease. Br.J.Ophthalmol. 2004 0588(5)647-652.15.Geerling G, Maclennan S, Hartwig D. Autologous serum eye drops for ocular surface disorders. Br.J.Ophthalmol. 2004 1188(11)1467-1474.16.Villani E, Galimberti D, Del Papa N, Nucci P, Ratiglia R. Inflammation in dry eye associated with rheumatoid arthritis cytokine and in vivo confocal microscopy study. Innate Immun 201319(4)420-427.17.Fox RI, Chan R, Michelson JB, Belmont JB, Michelson PE. Beneficial effect of artificial tears made with autologous serum in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arthritis Rheum. 1984 0427(4)459-461.18.Quinto GG, Campos M, Behrens A. Autologous serum for ocular surface diseases. Arq.Bras.Oftalmol. 2008 11/2071(6)47-54.1

Study On The Proctor And Gamble Company Management Essay

Study On The Proctor And Gamble Company Management EssayThe Proctor and Gamble Company was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1837 by an English immigrant William Procter, and James Gamble, an immigrant from Ireland. Both men had arrived in Cincinnati separately and were forced to stop thither to recuperate from illnesses while on their bureau to the West. Each independently decided to settle to found a fear and Procter became a candle maker while Gamble became a soap maker. This was non coincidental as the raw material for both candles and soap was animal fat. Cincinnati, as well as popularly nicknamed Porkopolis was the countrys grandst meatpacking concentrate allowing for inexpensive access to animal fat. On a personal front, the twain gentlemen married sisters and subsequently formed a partnership in 1837. Due to the abundant supply of raw material, many competitors entered the food market and Proctor and Gamble (PG) had to differentiate itself by embarking on an aggressive investment strategy building a large factory in the 1850s despite rumours of the impending civil war.Response to the Civil War and effects of their responseDuring the Civil War, PG focused on operating day and night to supply the Union armies, and by the wars end gross gross sales had more than quintuplight-emitting diode to all over USD 1 million. When soldiers returned home carrying high quality intersections, distinguished by their unique characteristic moon- and- stars packaging, PG rapidly developed a national reputation. As a result, their rapid ingathering and a series of innovations in their internal processes such(prenominal) as human resource management, RD, distri stillion, marketing, and organizational architectural plan soon followed.Growth through and through the Years using different organizational grammatical constructionsFrom inception, PG focused on product innovation, branded goods, research and development, direct distribution and sales and as the growth increased, diverging organizational structures and reward systems were introduced.In 1948, PG established its first international sales family to manage its rapidly growing international logical argumentes. Over the next forty years, PG would steadily build its foreign presence, while carefully managing its join States (U.S.) operations. The two types of organizations, that is, the United States integrity and the European one, led to two distinctly different modes of organizational architectures. The United States, with a large homogenous market, lent itself to nationwide brand and product division management. Western Europe, on the new(prenominal) hand, which represented the larger share of PGs overseas division, was a heterogeneous market with different languages, cultures and laws and therefore adopted a decentralized hub and spoke model.In the United States, in 1954, PG created individual operating divisions to better manage growing product lines of products, instigateed by its testify line and staff organizations. As a result, growth developed along two key dimensions functions and brands. In 1987, the matrix reporting structure entered the scene, whereby structural leaders reported directly to their business leadership and also had a dotted line reporting relationship to their running(a) leadership.In Western Europe, geographic management was the original structure which developed along the lead dimensions of country, function and brand. In this model country managers were responsible for profitability and market strategy, not brand managers. This and other effects led to silos and slow growth. By mid-eighties, PG assay to shift focus from country management to product family line management to promote rape- border cooperation crosswise functions.Eventually, PG moved into the orbiculate market collectible to photogenic expansion opportunities in Japan and developing markets and as a result, it reassessed its world(a)ization model and op ted to focus on the global matrix structure of categories and functions. This structure had some(prenominal) pitfalls and externally, competitors were detection up quickly challenging PGs first mover strategy and related advantages.PG had grown to be a USD 38 meg multinational consumer -products company, with over 50 categories, ranging from toilet paper to pharmaceuticals, with more than 300 brands. Competitors were steadily eating external market share.As a result in September 1998, PG inform a six year restructuring plan called disposal cc5. This new structure had adverse effects on PG sustainability and the scene in the case is set nigh the negative results of Organization 2005 resulting in the CEO Durk Jager, 17 months into his role as CEO, resigning and A.G Lafley taking over in June 2000 faced with the significant decision of whether to make a strong commitment to the Organization 2005 or dismantle. He also had to decide whether he created more value by splitting the c ompany into sets of stand- alone businesses. wherefore did US organizational structure shift from Product steming in the 1950s to a Matrix in 1980s?The United States had a large homogenous market which lent itself to nationwide brand and product division management. In 1954, PG created individual operating divisions to better manage growing lines of products, each with its own line and staff organizations.Specialization by product as described by Cole G.A is when grouping is arranged around specified products, with each group having its own specialist functions provided at the operational level. The advantages of product grouping are that it enables the companys major product groups to concentrate on their own priorities, within the total business plan. It also provides a mechanism for supplying the major groupings in the company with their own specialist resources and to develop their own preferred culture. In addition, it encourages the old specialists at director level to focus on embodied issues, leaving production matters within product groups much more in the hands of senior managers involved.The main(prenominal) disadvantage of this kind of structure is that individual divisions may seek to promote their own objectives so forcefully as to endanger wider, corporate strategies. Thus the senior directors need to be capable of exercising sufficient control over corporate intentions, but without robbing the line manager of their motivation to obtain the optimum results for their divisions. correspond to Mullins, L.J. in Management and Organizational Behavior, the Line and staff organization structure is concerned with concerned with different functions which are to be undertaken. It provides a means of maximising on the utility of specialists while maintaining the concept of line authority. Line organization relates to those functions concerned with specific responsibility for achieving the objectives of the organization and to those people in the direc t chain of mountains of command. Staff organization relates to the provision of specialist and support functions for the line organization and creates an advisory relationship.Within this model, PG US developed along two key dimensions functions and brands. check managers bore responsibility for profitability and could focus on matching company strategy with product category dynamics. Brand managers competed in the same marketplace but also shared access to strong divisional functions which in turn transferred best practices and talent across many brands, fostering stellar(a) edge competences in RD, manufacturing and market research in a rapidly developing consumer products industry. For instance, the invention of fluoride toothpaste in 1955 was a key result of this structure.In 1987, the United States PG made a historic shift away from the 56 year old competitive brand management system, to a matrix system whereby brand would now be managed as components of category portfolios by category general managers. The reason for this shift in structure was because product categories were beginning to require more differentiated functional activities but at the same time, PG US needed to retain functional strengths.As a result, a matrix reporting structure was set up whereby functional leaders reported directly to their business leadership and also had a dotted line reporting relationship to their functional leadership. Thus 39 US category business units were created, with each category business unit having its own sales, product development, manufacturing and finance functions.Mullins, L.J. describes a matrix organization as a combination of functional departments which provide a stable base for specialized activities and a permanent location for staff members and units that integrate various activities of different functional departments on any of the following bases project, product, geographical or systems basis.He goes on to add that matrix structures offer the advantages of flexibility, greater security and control of project or product information and opportunities for staff development if management implement the structure effectively. The potential problem areas, as seen later in the PG case, include the fact that a matrix structure can result in a more complex structure. By using two methods of grouping it sacrifices unity of command and may cause problems of co-ordination. There may also be a problem of defining the extent of the product (project) managers authority over staff from other departments and of gaining support of other functional managers.Why did the European organizational structure shift from Geographic grouping in 1950s to Category management in 1980s?In Europe, the PG organization developed along three dimensions country, function and brand. This model was established to tailor products and processes to local tastes and norms. This resulted in a portfolio of self sufficient subsidiaries led by country general manager s (GMs) who adapted PG technology and marketing expertise to local markets. These were called mini-U.Ss in each country as new product technologies were sourced from U.S. RD labs in Cincinnati, qualified, tested and adapted by local research and development (RD) and manufacturing organizations in each country. In 1963, a European Technical Centre (ETC) was created and housed in capital of Belgium and it developed products and manufacturing processed that country managers could choose to adapt to and launch in their countries. Country managers, not brand managers, had responsibility for profitability and market strategy, while the capital of Belgium regional headquarters was very hands-off, serving mostly legal, tax accounting and public relations entity.Geographically ground structures, according to Cole, have key advantages of widely spread markets can be catered for, local knowledge of customers, labor market and distribution can be utilized as seen in PG Europe. However, the ke y disadvantages as with any attempts at decentralization are associated with the inevitable tension that develops between Head office and the regions concerning priorities for action and priorities for scarce company resources. In addition, geographical found cultures and focus may veer away from the overall company strategy, culture and increase costs.The main reason why geographic grouping did not start positively for PG in Europe was that it resulted in innovations and brands taking unnecessarily long to globalize. For instance, Pampers, was launched in US in 1961, Germany in 1973 and France not until 1978. In addition, functional organizations became plant in company silos and worse still, European corporate functions were also completely disconnected from the US operation. To cap it all, focus on product categories and brands was fragmented by country, virtually precluding region- wide category or branding strategies. This led to unstandardized and subscale manufacturing ope rations in each country which were expensive and unreliable. Products were tweaked unnecessarily, creating pack size and formulation variations that added no value to maintain and reinvented the wheel with each new product initiative.Thus in early 1980s, Europe attempted to promote cross border co-operation across functions and to shift focus from country management to product category management.Why were the 2 structures integrated into a global cube in the 1990s?The two main PG structures U.S matrix structure and Western European category management structure were integrated in the 1990s into a global cube due to the several reasons. Attractive expansion opportunities in Japan and the developing markets led PG to question its globalization model, particularly in anticipation of the new challenge of likeable to more diverse consumer tastes, cultures, preferences and income levels.This was demonstrated by the fact that in Europe, increased focus on cross border category management had proven successful. However, corporate function in Brussels still lacked direct control of country functional activities. PG was also seek positive results in the area of innovation such that the creation of global technical centers in different regions could have core competencies in a specific product category. PG also sought tremendous top-line and bottom-line improvements such as creation of powerful and independent global functions promoted to the pooling of knowledge, transfer of best practices, elimination of intra-regional redundancies and standardisation of activities. It was also seeking integration of manufacturing, purchasing, distribution and engineering into one global product supply function which managed the supply chain from beginning to end. PG achieved this specific integration in 1987. In the new global cube, PG was also seeking massive savings which could be achieved by regionally managed product- supply groups consolidating country manufacturing plants and distribution centers into higher scale regional facilities. PG also sought a stronger global sales organization with regional leadership so as to develop closer global relationship. One key result of this specific objective was the guest Business schooling (CBD) function which developed closer relationship with bug customers such as the one unprecedented step of co-locating with Wal-Mart in Bentonville, Arkansas to mesh joint strategic planning. Coupled with early supply chain initiatives, this undertaking allowed PG to be a first mover in electronic integration with customers, leading to disproportionate share growth with mass discounters. Finally, significant sign standardization in Information Technology (IT) systems was made possible by a globally managed IT organization. By 1997, financial and accounting information storage had been consolidated at three global data storage centers. PG was also seeking global category management whereby it aimed at developing close relatio nships. This occurred with strong global Research Development (RD) product category organizations, helping to standardize and accelerate global product launches.As a result, PG started migrating to a global matrix structure of categories and functions. The global cube entailed Europes country functions being consolidated into continental functions characterized by dotted-line reporting through functional leadership with direct reporting through the regional business managers. international functional senior vice presidencies were created to manage functions across all regions. and so in 1989, to better co-ordinate category and branding strategies worldwide, PG created global category presidencies reporting directly to the CEO. All country category GMs had dotted- line reporting to their global country president, however, career progression and packaging remained in the hands of regional line management.Some additional key results included a much decrease duration to globalize a new initiative. For instance, by the early 1990s, it took only four years, on average to globalize a new initiative. This advance allowed PG to quickly inject new technologies into recently acquired beauty care products like Pantene, Olay and Old Spice. For example, two-in-one shampoo and conditioner technology was developed at the Sharon Woods beauty-care global technical center in Cincinnati in mid-1980s. The hair care global category president then achieved its roll out globally under the Pantene brand name with lucid worldwide marketing message and identity. In just over a decade, increased global focus on product categories helped PGs beauty care division to grow from USD 600 million to a highly strategic USD 7 billion business.What are the key distinguishing features of Organization 2005?Organization 2005 was a six -year restructuring plan announced by PG in September 1998. The companys objectives were to achieve a USD 900 million in annual after- tax cost savings by 2004 a fter spending USD 1.9 billion over the five years. This was to be achieved by specific features and actions of the Organization 2005.The first part called for voluntary separations of 15,000 employees by 2001, of which almost 10,500 (70%) were overseas staff. Forty five percentage of all job separations would result from global product- supply consolidations and a quarter from exploitation of scale benefits arising from more standardized business processes. The plan sought to blow over six management layers, from 13 to 7.The second part called for dismantling the matrix organizational structure and replacing it with an amalgam of interdependent organizations which wereGlobal Business Units (GBUs) with chief(a) responsibility for the product and whose teams were compensated on profitability.Market Development Organizations (MDOs) with primary responsibility for markets and whose teams were compensated based on sales growth.Global Business work (GBSs) which was a unit responsible for managing internal business processes and whose teams were compensated on cost management.This radical new design was aimed at improving the speed with which PG innovated and globalized its innovations.In detail the GBUs were responsible for product development, brand design, business strategy and new business development. Each operated autonomously focusing on different product categories. In total, there were seven GBUs with complete profit responsibility and benchmarked against focused product category competitors.Each GBU was led by a president, who reported directly to the CEO and was a member of the global leadership council that determined overall company strategy. At GBU level, Vice Presidents of Marketing, RD, Product supply, New Business Development and support functions such as IT implementation reported to the GBU president. To ensure that RD division of different GBUs would share technological innovations, a technology council composed of all GBU RD VPS would be form ed to share and cross pollinate ideas.The intention of this structure was to increase agility and reduce costs through accelerated global standardization of manufacturing processes and better co-ordination of marketing activities. Global standardization of processes which were on different platforms would eliminate the lengthy process of obtaining launch approval from regional managers and result in systematically faster global rollouts of innovations and new brands.MDOs were designed to take responsibility for tailoring PG programs to local markets and using their knowledge of local consumers and retailers to help PG develop market strategies to guide the entire business. Customer Business Development functions previously dispersed among various business units would be consolidated regionally and converted into line functions in each MDO. There were seven MDOs with each being led by a president who reported directly to the CEO and, like the GBU president, sat on the global leadersh ip council.GBS was the third leg of the Organization 2005 with the responsibility to standardize, consolidate, streamline and strengthen business processes and IT platforms across GBUs and MDOs globally.The aim was to centralize responsibility for managing these processes which could lead to economies of scale while allowing the other two GBUs and MDOs to focus on core competencies. This structure was focused on specialization.GBS was organized as a cost center with the head of GBS reporting directly to the CEO but was not a member of the global leadership council.Routine and HR policies were also to be impacted in Organization 2005. Many decisions were to be made by individuals rather than committees so that routine business tasks that had taken months would now be accomplished in days. Budgeting was streamlined, integrating separate marketing, payroll, and initiative budgets into a single business planning process. It was also to overhaul its incentive system while maintaining the promote- from- within policy PG increased its consummation based portion of compensation and extended its investment trust option compensation formerly limited to 9,000 employees to 100,000 employees.Why did PG adopt this structure?PG adopted the structure of Organization 2005 due to key challenges and problem occurring in the Global Matrix during 1995-1998. Firstly, the matrix structure had never been symmetrical as the function retained a high degree of de-facto control because it determined career paths and promotion for its employees.Unfortunately, each function had determined its own power base and strategic agenda rather than co-operating with other functions and business units to win in the market place. The initial tension caused by functional conflict had served as an effective system of checks and balances but eventually led to poor strategic alignment throughout PG causation its position to begin to weaken in the global market as managers were focused on their particu lar countries rather than these global functional conflicts. This was because their focus was based on aiming for their own maximization of particular parameters rather than an optimal tradeoff.Secondly, the matrix structure had also not fully resolved the tension between regional and product category management. Regional managers still had sole responsibility for financial results and thus it was they who ultimately chose whether or not to launch initiatives made available by global category managers. RD divisions struggled hard to globalize new technological and brand innovations quickly but had to obtain agreement from regional managers, sometimes country managers and these managers would sometimes hesitate even if it made sense for PG strategically because it could weaken their upcoming profit and loss statement. As a result, the companys track record of being a global leader in innovation and brands stagnated and was slipping behind some of its more focused rivals. For instance , Cover Girl, a U.S. cosmetics brand that PG had acquired in 1989 had still not been globalized in 1997 compared to Maybelline, acquired by LOreal in 1996, was globalized in just a few years and well on its way to becoming a global billion-dollar brand.Thirdly, competitors were catching up quickly. PG had always been a first mover in supply chain consolidations and integration with customers, but by the latter half of the decade, over 200 vendors had opened embassies to Wal-Mart in Bentonville. Share price consequently dropped by 3.3% since 1993 and the sales growth slowed down to 2.6% in 1997 and 1998 by contrast to 8.5% on average in the 1980s.Lastly, the defining question was whether the global matrix cube was internally coherent or scalable over the long term. Full accountability for results could not truly by assigned to regional profit centers because they couldnt fully manage functional strategy and resource allocation. This resulted in a culture of risk aversion and dodge of failure. With over 100 profit centers, it seemed like there were too many cooks in the kitchen meaning too many managers making decisions that were moving the company away from its intended objectives.Should Lafley make a strong commitment to keeping Organization 2005 or should he plan to dismantle the structure?A.G. Lafley should consider dismantling the structure after a careful analysis of the previous structures of Proctor and Gamble and a thorough assessment of the negative adverse effects of Organization 2005 so as to develop a more effective global structure.The main objective that the previous CEO, Durk Jager had was to use Organization 2005 to change PGs risk averse regionally managed structure so that it could launch new blockbuster brands based on new technologies rather than incremental improvements of existing products. He also frequently scrutinized PGs RD portfolio and personally stewarded new technologies through the pipeline that he thought were promising.Initia lly, in October 1999, fiscal first quarter results were promising indicating an immediate acceleration in business performance, with sales up by 5% over the previous year which was a marked improvement over the 2.6 % annual revenue growth over the finally two years. Core net earnings fell short of long term goals but made a respectable increase of 10 %. This resulted in PGs stock price appreciating significantly. When the next quarterly report came out on 30 January 2000, the stock price reached an all-time high of USD 118.38 and sales had grown by an impressive 7% and core net earnings increased by 13%.Tables turned on 7 March 2000, when PG gave a profit precedent due to external factors such as increased raw material costs, delays in FDA approvals and intense competition. With 50 new products in the pipeline, the situation was expected to reverse. However, on 25 April 2000, when results were announced, core net earnings had dropped 18 % while sales increased 6 % despite a 2% hit from fluctuations in transpose rate. The stock price lost 10 % of its value. The last straw was on 8 June 2000, when fourth quarter profits were flat compared to the expectations of 15 17 % increase. PG let down its future quarterly sales growth estimates to 2 3 %, casting doubt on whether Organization 2005 was even lifting the top line. Market research companies substantiate PGs poor competitive position citing loss of U.S. market share in 16 out of 30 categories since the preceding year. PG stock finally fell to USD 57 after the announcement and was the worst performing component of the Dow over the previous six months.ConclusionIn conclusion, Lafley, bearing in mind the past performance and stiff competitive arena, should dismantle Organization 2005 for the above reasons as well as for the sagging employee morale due to the substantial job reductions.

Molecular Weight Effect of Different Grades of HPC Polymer

Molecular Weight Effect of Different Grades of HPC PolymerIntroductionBioavailability kick upstairsmentWet media milling + crop-dusting dryingIssues have impact on waste performanceNovelty of the workObjectiveMaterial and methods absurd stirred media millingSpray dryerCharacterization techniquesResults and discussionPhysical stability of the milled precursor gaolbreaksdo medicines gaolbreak kineticsFormation of the NCMPs via sprayer drying of the precursor do medicines suspensionsImpact of varied polymers on the medicine looseness from NCMPsPVP-K30HPMC-E3HPC-SSL, HPC-SL, HPC-LMolecular tipiness effect of different grades of HPC polymer on drug dissolution performance and stabilityIt is estimated that a large percentage of newly developed drug compounds have bound bioavailibity due to their poor water solubility and very slow dissolution say 1. According to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), class II drugs are categorize as sickly water dissolvabl e and highly permeable in human body 2. To achieve the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs it is very essential to enhance the bioavailability by increasing the solubility or dissolution rate. A number of approaches have been developed over the time to resolve this issue. The reduction of drug particles size to sub-micron or nanometer has been one of the most popular and hard-hitting approaches of all 3-6. By reducing the particles size order of magnitude, specific surface area of the particles change magnitude radically and enhances the rate of absorption and dissolution 7, 8, concord to the Noyes-Whitney equation 9. medicate nanoparticles production technologies are classified into Bottom-up or Top-down or conclave of both. The bottom up techniques include precipitation using supercritical fluid, liquid anti-solvent precipitation, and evaporative precipitation, where small drug particles are take a leakd from drug molecules dissolve in complete solvent 10, 11. In case of to p-down approaches, the particles are reduced to the nanometer range 11. High pressure homogenization 5 and wet media milling 3 are include in top-down approaches. To prepare drug nanosuspension, wet stirred media milling (WSMM) has achieved the most popularity because of its effectiveness, robustness, scalability, high drug loading, and low polymer side effects 5, 12, 13. collect to galore(post token(a)) advantages of drug solid dosage form, it is the most popular dosage form to the patients/clinicians. To encounter this high demand, drug nanosuspensions are usually converted into nanocomposite microparticles (NCMPs) using different drying techniques and incorporated into standard solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules 13, 14. Vacuum dryer 15, 16, spray-freeze dryer 17, 18, spray dryer 19, 20, and fluidized bed 17 are very predominate and widely used drying tools in the pharmaceutical industries. Among all the drying techniques, spray drying has already got attention due to its heftiness intensive, continuous and scalable drying process characteristics and ability to produce micro to nano-sized particles with a very narrow distribution within a very short time frame 21.Albeit particle size reduction is an effective technique for bioavailability enhancement, stability issue has always been critical for the efficacy of the drug products. In the nanosuspension, drug particles start losing their specific surface area by accruement due to relatively high surface energy and specific surface area and also for enhanced Brownian motion 22. For the prevention of aggregation in the wet media and having better stability, polymers and/or surfactants are added to the suspension as stabilizers. These stabilizers provide stability by electrostatic or electrosteric mechanisms 22. Steric stability provided by the polymer is drug specific. Only hardly a(prenominal) polymers can help to reduce the particle size of a specific drug down to nanometers. Therefore, select ing a proper stabilizer for a specific drug is a very complex process and cannot be generalized easily 23. Thus, having a better keenness ab come on the polymer properties is very crucial to figure out the right stabilizer for a particular drug. Molecular weight of the polymer is a very significant property of polymers, which determines the capability for steric stabilization along with solution properties 24, 25, regulates mechanic property of the films 26, and controls the drug discharge during oral administration 27. Consequently, optimum MW and polymer concentration may help to get the best stabilization performance during and subsequently milling, and smart drug release from the composites. Choi et al. 16 investigated the impact of lower range MW (11,200-49,000 g/mol) of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HW) on itraconazole suspension production and their recovery from the drug composites. In that work, HPC was used altogether with the same concentration, and dissolution performan ce study was absent. Sepassi et al. 28 studied MW effect of two different polymers hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the particle size reduction of milled nabumetone and halofantrine suspensions however, drying and dissolution rate were not studied. Li et al. 29 studied the MW and concentration effect of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) on the dissolution performance of poorly soluble drug griseofulvin (GF) in front line/absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant. In that investigation, drug nanosuspension was coated and dried on to the surface of pharmatose using fluidized bed technique and also inflexible the optimum concentration and MW effect of HPC for complete release of the drug particles during dissolution.To authors best knowledge, no comprehensive and systematic study has been performed so far to get the insight about the head to head comparison of different polymers performance and MW effect of the same polymer on the suspens ion stability after milling and during dissolution of NCMPs produced via spray drying. It is known from former study that the combined use of polymers and surfactants provide a synergistic effect leading to better stability in the nanosuspension than individual stabilizers 30, 31. Due to the side effects of surfactant, it is always expected to use minimal amount in the formulation. If only the use of polymer can provide substantial stability in the nanosuspension and immediate release of the drugs in the dissolution from NCMPs, then it is more viable than using surfactant. Therefore, this study aims to develop an understanding of the polymer MW and different polymer effect on the personal stability of Itraconazole nanosuspension and drug dissolution from the composites. Itraconazole (ITZ) suspensions were milled in a WSMM and the nanocomposite particles were produced using a co-current spray dryer. Three different polymers HPC, PVP, and HPMC were used at 4.5% (w/w) concentration t o see the polymer effect and for MW effect, three grades (SSL, SL, and L) of HPC having different MW were used. Laser diffraction, SEM, UV- spectroscopy, XRPD, and DSC were used to analyze the drug suspension and composite particles. Dissolution test of the NCMPs were performed by a USP II paddle apparatus.MaterialsItraconazole (ITZ), is an antifungal drug with a water solubility 0.13 mg/L (at pH-7 and 25 C), is a sparingly water soluble drug belong to the BCS Class II was purchased from Jai Radhe Sales (Ahmedabad, India) and was used as-received condition. Three different polymers, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were used as polymers. Three grades (SSL, SL, and L) of HPC with 40, 100, and 140 kDa molecular weight, abide byively, were donated by Nisso the States Inc. (New York, NY, USA) and used for steric stabilization. Polymeric stabilizers Methocel E3 grade HPMC and PVP Kollidon 30 were donated by Dow Chemical (Midland, MI, USA) and BASF Corporation (Florham Park, NJ, USA) respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an non-ionic detergent surfactant used as a leak agent during dissolution and provide electrostatic stabilization in the suspension, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Zirmil Y grade wear-resistant yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with a median size of 430 m (400 m nominal size) was used as the milling media and purchased from Saint Gobain ZirPro (Mountainside, NJ, USA).MethodsWet Stirred Media Milling (WSMM)The presuspension (before milling) was prepared following the same procedure used in Afolabi et al. 32. in all the suspension formulations are tabulated below in Table 1. API (Itraconazole) concentration was kept constant at 10% (w/w) and polymer concentration was 4.5% (w/w) for all the formulation. All the concentrations are reported with respect to deionized water (200g). The formulation with 2.5% (w/w) HPC-SL and 0.2% (w/w) SDS was used as a ba seline formulation, because from earlier study it was found to be the optimum for fastest and complete drug release from the composite mills.Prepared drug suspension was milled in a Netzsch wet media mill (Micorcer, Fine Particle Technology LLC, Exton, PA, USA) with 80 ml house 50 ml of the domiciliate was filled with 400 m (nominal size) Zirconia beads, which is the milling media and a screen with 200 m opening was used to confuse the beads into the chamber and allowing only the passage of the suspension. A soak mixer (Fisher Scientific Laboratory Stirrer, Catalog No. 14-503, Pittsburgh, PA) was used to prepare the suspension prior to transfer into the property tank of the miller. The suspension was pumped through a peristaltic pump and was milled under the following conditions suspension flow rate 126 ml/min, rotor speed 4000 rpm corresponding to a tip speed of 11.7 m/s. To keep the suspension temperature below 35 C, milling chamber and holding tank both were equipped with a chiller (Advantage Engineering Greenwood, IN, USA). All the parameters were selected from the earlier work done by Afolabi et al. 31. To determine the breakage kinetics, particle sizes were calculated at different time intervals up to 65 minutes and the suspension were refrigerated at 8 C for one day before spray drying.Preparation of NCMPs via Spray DryingThe prepared nanosuspesions were dried within a day of milling using a spray dryer (4M8-Trix, Procept, Zelzate, Belgium) running in a co-current flow set up. All the operating conditions were interpreted from Azad et al. 19.The suspensions were atomized at 2 bar atomizing pressure using a bi-fluid nozzle having 0.6 mm tip diameter. In each run, 120 gm nanosuspensions were sprayed at 1.3-1.6 g/min spray rate using a peristaltic pump (Makeit-EZ, Creates, Zelzate, Belgium). Drying air was fed co-currently from the top of the newspaper column at 120 C temperature and 0.37-0.40 m3/min volumetric flow rate. To avoid sedimentation of t he drug particles during spraying, the suspension was stirred using a magnetic stirrer throughout the run. A Cyclone separator was used at 54-70 mbar differential pressure to separate the NCMPs from the outlet air stream and collecting them in a sugarcoat jar. The dried powders later on were used for powder sample characterization e.g., XRD, DSC, Rodos, and dissolution testing.Particle Size AnalysisParticle size distributions of the suspensions were measured at different time interval during milling and after 7-day storage in the refrigerator by laser diffraction (LD) technique using Coulter LS 13 320 (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL). All the steps involved for measuring PSDs of the suspensions were followed from Li et al. 29. During sample addition, intensity was maintained between 40-45% while obscuration was below 8%. Mie scattering system was used to fancy the volume-based PSDs in the software. Refractive index value is 1.68 for ITZ and 1.33 for deionized water (medium). Before me asuring the PSDs, 2 ml suspension sample was collected from the outlet of the mill chamber and diluted with 5 ml of the respective stabilizer solution using a vortex mixer (Fisher Scientific Digital Vortex Mixer, Catalog no 0215370, Model No 945415, Pittsburgh, PA) at 1500 rpm for 1 min.The Particle size distributions (PSDs) of produced NCMPs via spray drying were measured by Rodos/Helos laser diffraction (LD) system (Sympatec, NJ, USA) based on Furnhofer theory with dry powder dispersion module. On the sample chute of the Rodos dispersing system, just about 1 g of the sample was placed. To feed the samples, the sample chute was vibrated at 50% settings and 0.1 bar dispersion pressure was imposed to suck in the falling powder through the sample cell of the laser diffraction system.Determination of Drug Content in the Composite PowdersDrug content of the composite powders were measured by assay testing. ITZ solubility is - in dichloromethane (DCM). 100 mg of the NCMPs was dissolved i n 20 ml DCM, sonicated for 30 mins to ensure all the ITZ is dissolved in the solvent and then they were allowed to sediment overnight. An aliquot of 100 l is interpreted from the supernatant and diluted to 10 ml with DCM. The absorbance of all the samples was measured at 260 nm wavelength via Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Six replicates were prepared from each NCMP formulation to calculate connote drug content and percent relative standard deviation (RSD).Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)SEM imaging was performed to understand the morphology and particle size of the ITZ particles before and after milling. SEM images of as-received ITZ and baseline formulation was taken using a LEO 1530 SVMP (Carl Zeiss, Inc., Peabody, MA, USA) SEM machine. Approximately, 0.1 ml milled suspension sample was placed on top of a te chip (Ted Pella Inc., Redding, CA, USA), and then on top of a cytosine specimen holder. The sample was placed into a desiccator for overnight drying. The samples were then sputter coated with carbon before analyzing 33.X-ray Powder Diffraction (PXRD)The crystallinity of the as-received ITZ, animal(prenominal) mixture of ITZ-excipinets, and spray dried powders were analyzed using PXRD (PANalytical, Westborough, MA, USA), provided with Cu K radiation (= 1.5406 ). The samples were scanned at a rate 0.165 S-1 for 2 ranging from 5 to 40.Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)DSC of the as-received ITZ, Physical mixture of ITZ-excipients, and spray dried powders was performed using a Mettler-Toledo polymer analyzer (PolyDSC, Columbus, OH, USA). The samples were heated at a rate of 10 C/min within a range of 25-220 C under nitrogen gas flow. With the help of the integrated software of the machine, break up temperature Tm and fusion enthalpy Hm were determined.Dissolution TestingDissolution of ITZ from the as-received drug, and spray dried composite powders were determined via a Distek 2100C dissolution tester (North Brunswick, NJ, USA) according to the USP II paddle method. The dissolution medium was gigabyte ml SDS buffer with 3.0 gm/ml concentration at non-sink condition. The medium was maintained at 37 C temperature and 50 rpm paddle speed. The composites were weighed equivalent to a dose of 20 mg of ITZ. Composites were poured into the dissolution medium and manually 4 ml of samples were taken out at 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min. Aliquots of the samples were filtered using a 0.1 m PVDF membrane type syringe filter to avoid any effect of undissolved drug during UV spectroscopy measurement. The absorbance of ITZ dissolved was measured via UV spectroscopy (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) at 260 nm wavelength. The blank was measured using SDS buffer at the beginning. The amount of drug dissolved was measured using a calibration curve generated from drug concentration vs. absorbance (R2=0.9995 with pApparent Shear Viscosity of Milled ITZ SuspensionsThe apparent dress viscosity of the nanosus pension was measured by following the procedure from Afolabi et al. 32, using R/S plus rheometer (Brookfield Engineering, Middleboro, MS, USA). To impart controlled shear rate on the samples from 0 to 1000 1/s in 60 s, a coxial cylinder (CC40) was used. To control the temperature the jacket temperature was kept constant at 250.5 C.Drug nanoparticles formation and physical stability of the milled suspensionsThe formulation of the milled drug (ITZ) suspensions are presented in Table 1. Drug (ITZ) nano suspension was first produced in presence of both steric and an anionic surfactant, SDS (Run 1). Due to the synergistic effect of HPC and SDS 31, Run 1 was used as a baseline to assess the impact of various stabilizers (HPC, HPMC E3, PVP k30, and SDS) in their breakage kinetics and physical stability of the resulting suspensions. This baseline formulation was found to be the optimum formulation from a previous work performed by Meng et al 29. The molecular weight effect of HPC was then s tudied in absence of SDS surfactant (Run 2-4) using three different grades of HPC SSL, SL, and L grades having molecular weight 40, 100, and 140 kDa, respectively.The apparent shear viscosity of all the formulations (Run 1-7) are represented in Figure 1. Formulations with 2.5% (w/w) HPC-SL/SDS, 4.5% (w/w) HPC-SL, and 4.5% (w/w) HPC-L (Run 1, 3, and 4) are showing near Newtonian behavior, indicating the extent of aggregation is very low. Milled drug suspensions stabilized by SDS or polymer alone (except HPC-SL and HPC-L) are showing significant shear-thinning behavior, indicating significant amount of aggregates.References1.Kesisoglou, F., S. Panmai, and Y. Wu, Nanosizing-oral formulation discipline and biopharmaceutical evaluation. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 2007. 59(7) p. 631-644.2.Amidon, G.L., et al., A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharmaceutical research, 1995. 12(3) p. 413-420.3.Merisko-Liversidge, E. and G.G. Liversidge, Nanosizing for oral and parenteral drug delivery a perspective on formulating poorly-water soluble compounds using wet media milling technology. 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Bilgili, Impact of process parameters on the breakage kinetics of poorly water-soluble drugs during wet stirred media milling a microhydrodynamic view. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014. 51 p. 75-86.33.Li, M., et al., An intensified vibratory milling process for enhancing the breakage kinetics during the preparation of drug nanosuspensions. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2016. 17(2) p. 389-399.

Should gay marriages be legalized? Essay -- essays research papers fc

Should same sex marriages be legal?Same-sex marriages have been very controversial since becoming an issue in Canada regarding the Canadian rent of Rights and Freedoms. some(prenominal) people state that same-sex marriages should be legal, while others disagree, saying it should not be permitted. There have been many debates and inquiries about this issue for several years the MPs and Parliament will finally settle the problem within the next year or so. Many be in favour of legalizing same-sex marriages in all of Canada due to the violations and infringes upon the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Problems revolving around same-sex marriages have upset many religious groups. These groups believe that same-sex marriages should not be performed in a church or at all. Although churches and other places of worship do not approve of same-sex marriages, legalizing same-sex marriages does not breach the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Same-sex marriages should be legalized ever ywhere in Canada because individuals should be able-bodied to express themselves freely without having to feel discriminated against, as stated in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Denying the thoroughgoing liberties and other rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is unconstitutional and contravenes what the Charter is expected to maintain. The fundamental rights are what the Charter is based on the freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication (Section 2b) will be infringed if same-sex marriages are disallowed. Addressing the issue of the fundamental freedoms on same-sex marriages, Prime Minister Paul Martin quotedThe Charter is a living document, the heartbeat of our constitution. It is also a proclamation. It declares that as Canadians, we live to a lower place a progressive and inclusive set of fundamental beliefs about the value of the individual. It declares that we all are les sened when any one of us is denied a fundamental rightIf we do no step forward, then we step back. If we do not protect a right, then we deny it. Canada is governed based on the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Certain parties of the government believe that the government can not and should not pick and choose whose rights they will defend and whose right... ...of another, their right has also been infringed. past again, religious morals are not valued as they ought to be in society as a whole, its customs, and its laws will change forever from this issue. revision is needed for Canada to adapt to the evolving world, adjusting to changes is beneficial. Legalizing same-sex marriages will lead Canada to being a stronger and a more liberated country.BIBLIOGRAPHYSullivan, Andrew. Same-sex marriage, pro and con. A Reader. New York Vintage Books, 2004Catholic theme says Cardinal Wrong to say Charter of Rights shouldnt apply to Gays and Lesbians Online in stock(predicate) http //www.equal-marriage.ca/resource.php?id=142 (19 Jan. 2005)Civil Marriage Act Online Available http//canada.justice.gc.ca/en/news/nr/2005/doc_31376.html (1 Feb. 2005)Gay Marriages Timeline Online Available http//www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/print/CTVNews/110262810228_a8037308/?hub...GLBT and the equal marriage movement Online Available http//www.psac.com/elections/ask_same_sex_marriage-e.htmSame-sex Marriages Online Available http//www.canadawebpages.com/pc-editorial.asp?key=1415&editorPrimeKeyword=samesexmarriages...

Good and Bad Aspects of the Atkins Diet Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet

Good and Bad Aspects of the Atkins Diet The notorious and renowned Atkins diet has Americans and the rest of the world believing that if they simply eliminate carbs from their everyday pabulum regimen, they will find the fountain of fit. This idea among many others has come to be just another one of todays fad dieting techniques. The population doesnt look to know or to even care if the plan will keep them fit for life, or if it will just be a quick peck to a nagging weight problem. Due to the fact that people want such quick results they tend to attempt the diet without knowing all that it genuinely entails. In reality, the Atkins diet is a quite complex way of eating, including various stages and limitations on many foods. Starting with an induction period consisting of two weeks, the Atkins diet allows no more than 20 grams of carbohydrates per day. Within this period, dieters are not allowed any sort of milk, fruits, grains, breads or any high glycemic foods such as potatoes and corn. Instead, dieters are encouraged to bring in meats, seafood, eggs, cheeses...