Professional Learning Reflection Team White Krista Tharp...

Professional Learning Community Reflection Team White: Krista Tharp Descriptors Points possible Points earned Demographics All pertinent, available data included 5 Topic/Situation Detailed description of the behavior including frequency, latency, duration, and intensity (highlighted in yellow); include typical antecedents and consequences. 10 Correlation to Classroom Management Utilizes appropriate information and resources to highlight the need for student behavior modification including the impact on the individual and the impact on the classroom community 10 Special needs Considerations/concerns Clear and concise information pertaining to the behaviors as established in previous ECSP coursework; What is the function of the behavior? 10 Target behavior for modification Valid target behavior that actually impacts a student’s success 5 Strategies/ Suggestions 3 -4 strategies that are directly related to the student’s targeted behavior and is within the realm of modification for the classroom teacher and the student. 10 Total 50 Date: 11/27/16 Demographics: Josh is a 7-year-old African American male who is in the second grade. Josh is average in both height and weight. He wears clean clothes, although they do tend to sometimes be too large for his size,

The International Labour Organisation ( Ilo ) - 1104 Words

Responsible sourcing is a universal method to the sustainable evaluation of materials. This is an environmental, economical and social way of obtaining construction supplies such as concrete. Responsible sourcing is a progressively imperative factor for specifiers and clients in the construction commerce. The idea first industrialized in fair trade of food products and fair employment conditions for production of consumer goods. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) was founded in 1919 to be accountable for drawing up and supervising international labour standards. Responsible sourcing adds to this by involving other environmental, social and economic characteristics of sustainability. The UK government spearheads in this aspect of†¦show more content†¦There is an agenda for the organisational authority and supply chain management and this must be adopted clearly by all companies. It can be assumed that responsible sourcing can be a very crucial factor that contributes towards construction and civil engineering as concrete is used in almost all projects. This is why it is paramount to produce this concrete from trusted sources. Hence â€Å"89% of all concrete in 2012 was certified to BES 6001 and of the production tonnage certified, 99% has achieved Very Good or Excellent performance rating.† As sustainability is a key world issue now, it is important to keep in mind where companies produce their resources. If concrete was not responsibly sourced then a lot of unwanted issues could arise. For example it could lead to the concrete not being of the same quality as a responsibly sourced one. Also it may increase the carbon footprint and cause global warming if responsibly sourcing was avoided to keep costs low. Although the short-term effects of using cheap concrete is good the long-term effects of responsibly sourced concrete outweighs this. In their an alysis Georgopoulos and Minson (2014, p. 129) say, â€Å"The UK concrete industry is supporting the BES 6001 as it is the most comprehensive standard available and measures the whole infrastructure of the supply chain†. It is not easy for companies to be certified by this and they have to meet certain requirements, which includes having a

Tun Abdul Razak free essay sample

Tun Razak is the only child to Dato Hussein bin Mohd Taib and Hajah Teh Fatimah bt Daud. A bright student, Tun Razak received his early education at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar in 1934. After joining the Malay Administrative Service in 1939, he was awarded a scholarship to study at Raffles College in Singapore in 1940. His studies at the college ceased with the onset of the Second World War. With a Malayan Union scholarship, Tun Razak left for Britain in 1947 to study law. In 1950 he received a Degree of an Utter Barrister from Lincolns Inn. During his student days in England, Tun Razak was a member of the British Labour Party and a prominent student leader of the Kesatuan Melayu Great Britain (Malay Association of Great Britain). He also formed the Malayan Forum, an organisation for Malayan students to discuss their countrys political issues. Upon his return, Tun Razak joined the Malayan Civil Service. We will write a custom essay sample on Tun Abdul Razak or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Owing to his political caliber, in 1950 he became the youth chief for United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). Two years later, he worked as the Assistant State Secretary of Pahang and in February 1955, at just 33 years of age, became Pahangs Chief Minister. He stood in and won the countrys first general elections in July 1955 and was appointed as the Education Minister. Tun Razak was also a member of the February 1956 mission to London to seek the independence of Malaya from the British. After the general elections in 1959, he became the Minister of Rural Development in addition to holding the portfolios of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. His achievements include formulating the development policy known as the Red Book. On September 1970, Tun Razak succeeded Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra as the Prime Minister of Malaysia. Tun Razak is also renowned for launching the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1971. He and the second generation of Malay politicians saw the need to tackle vigorously the economic and social disparities which fuelled racial antagonism. The NEP set two basics goals to reduce and eventually eradicate poverty, and to reduce and eventually eradicate identification of economic function with race. Tun Razak set up the National Front on January 1, 1973 to replace the ruling Alliance Party. He increased the membership of its parties and coalitions in an effort to establish Ketahanan Nasional (National Strength) through political tability. Tun Abdul Razak succeeded Tunku Abdul Rahman as the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, heading the country from 1970 to 1976. The founder of Rukun Negara loved sports especially hockey and tennis. He was also an avid golfer and was reputed to be one of the best golfers in Asia. He was also a well-read man, autobiographies and biographies of famous statesmen his favourite genres. He also became a teacher amongst his friends when it came to English. This is the round about way of learning the language, he was quoted to have said.

Dangers of Obesity free essay sample

April 10, 2011 â€Å"Dangers of Obesity† Obesity is a leading cause for hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. There is a growing problem with obesity in America, which is leading to many health problems at a younger age. Hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease is more likely to occur to someone one with poor diet. Poor diet is the leading cause of obesity. According to Roland Strum’s article â€Å"The Effects Of Obesity, Smoking, And Drinking On Medical Problems And Costs† obesity has roughly the same association with chronic health conditions as age, smoking, and drinking.Hypertension is one of the many results of obesity. Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure. Obese people develop a resistance to insulin and that cause the blood pressure to rise. High blood pressure is more common in people that are overweight, than those that are not. â€Å"Many medical studies have shown that obesity presented an increase in the cardiac output and the blood volume, and in the arterial resistance. We will write a custom essay sample on Dangers of Obesity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact, obesity induces a high secretion of insulin in trying to decrease the excessive sugar concentration in the blood.This insulin secretion is very high compared to a non-obese subject. † (www. blood-pressure-hypertension. com). Hypertension can be very dangerous if you do not get the proper medication and health care. One of the best ways to control high blood pressure is losing weight and proper diet. Diabetes is another result to obesity. Obesity is one of the leading causes of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a disease that occurs when there is a rise in the blood sugar level. Type 2 Diabetes: This disease is very common and is found in many people, this disease crops up when a person is middle aged and this disease is spreading very rapidly, the main reason of type2 diabetes is obesity, unhealthy diet and lack of exercise. In this case, the body does not react to the insulin created by the body pancreas. † (http://diabetesdirectory. org). Diabetes is a common disease found in people that are overweight and last a life time once you have it. With proper diet and exercise you can avoid both obesity and diabetes. Obesity leads to heart disease in many cases.

How Language is Different From Communication

Introduction A language is a meticulous kind of structure for presenting, conveying, and understanding information. There are fundamentally two types of languages which are; the natural languages and artificial languages.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Language is Different From Communication? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Natural language also known as an ordinary language is any language which is formed in an inadvertent manner due to the human intellect’s ability to grasp the intrinsic capacity for language. Normally natural language is used as a basic form of communication hence the language could include spoken words, written or signs and gestures. An artificial language also referred to as a planned or constructed language is any language that has not developed evolutionarily rather has been deliberately formulated by an individual or group by creating new pronunciation, grammar an d vocabulary. International auxiliary language or formal languages such as computer-programming languages, formal logic analysis languages, and code languages such as Morse code are examples of artificial language which are devised to simplify human’s communication for computer interpretation or to exercise discretion. To know a language in general is to be able to understand the language but a more technical approach would be to be able to transmit, receive, and understand information communicated in a given language. Comparison between language and communication in animals Language is a basically a structure of sound symbols used to convey information while communication is the comprehension and deduction of language (Duranti 46). Therefore, language is a complex and intricate set of ciphers which need a common platform that is created through communication in order to be understood (Duranti 48). Communication can thus be better understood as a median that bridges the gap b etween two language terminals which could either be similar or different. It is not uncommon to find two individuals who speak different languages being able to communicate and as a consequence being able to understand each other (Ammaria 5). It is through the above statements that I draw the hypothesis that animals have and do use language. Animals have shown all basic necessities of a language that is symbols either oral or physical as well as an almost equal reaction to a particular sound or physical movement(Deacon 10).Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A good example is of the meerkats which are social carnivores similar to mongooses that live in arid and semi arid areas in Africa and Australia (Serjeantson 11). Meerkats constantly communicate with one through over 20 different sounds each of which has a different meaning. The sounds include lost sounds, alarm sounds, le ading the group sounds, pup feeding sounds, guarding sounds, and foraging sounds. Since meerkats spend most of the day foraging, at least one is left to stand guard and watch out for predators (Thornton McAuliffe 6). When there is a clear field in sight, the guard emits mellow tones. As soon as a predator is identified at a distance, the guard gives a beeping sound and all the animals become alert. When the predator gets closer, the guard emits another sound depending on the type of predator. Birds of prey usually elicit a high pitch sound which is a warning not only to stay alert but also to hide since birds like the martial eagle are fast and hence calls for retreat are emitted earlier than ground predators like snakes, jackals or crocodiles(Thornton McAuliffe 7). Domestic animals such as the cow also have language. The reason for this is because a cow separated from the rest of the heard will constantly moo until it is reunited with the herd. In addition, the cows in the heard usually moo after the lost cow moos as a sign of reassurance and also an indicator of their direction (Thornton McAuliffe 9). Birds have also been identified to have their own language since different species of birds emit different sounds. Crows have been shown to caw after spotting food in order to summon other crows. Birds such as the ostrich dance in order to attract mates while others such as the peacock display their feathers (Serjeantson 12). Comparison between animal and human language/communication According to (Paolillo 12), human language is mainly applied for the illustration of thought, for creating social interactions, for communication of information and for expounding thoughts. Speech has been universally acknowledged as the dividing factor between humans and animals as far as language is concerned. However, various studies have shown that some of the primates moderately possess the aptitude for speech. A study carried out on chimpanzees showed that certain primates have the ability to communicate with others with intent to get certain information across (Raffaele 4).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Language is Different From Communication? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Observed in their natural habitat, chimpanzees were shown to observe social order and basically give out and carry out commands depending on the social status (Ladygina-Kohts de Waal 68). For instance, as social creatures chimpanzees were shown to hunt together and specific sounds from the group leaders saw members of the hunting group take up certain positions. The understanding of the language and the underlying messages following the exchanges showed a level of comprehension unique only to primates. As indicated by (Ladygina-Kohts de Waal 61), the learning aptitude of the chimpanzees is so high in the animal kingdom that a group of experimental chimpanzees were taught a vocabulary of 20 0 words using American Sign Language (ASL) and they were able to communicate with each other using the ASL with the chimpanzees having acted in response as required to approximately 70% of what was being communicated (Duranti 48). Human language is therefore different from that of animals because even those animals highly likely to adapt to human intelligence cannot effectively express themselves through speech as humans can (Ammaria 7). Human communication on the other hand is almost as similar as to that of animals. This is because the application of language will usually reflect a common form of understanding in both humans and animals and hence the similar reactions following a stop sign on the road or a meerkat danger call (Raffaele 5). Critical components needed for language development in infants According to (Kail 39), phonology is one of the most important components a human infant must figure out in order to use language. Basically phonology is the meticulous use of sound to predetermine the connotation of speech in any human language thus it acts as a subfield in linguistics that is associated with the sound coordination of languages. Phonology depicts how different sounds work in a given language or in different languages to code meaning into spoken words (Deacon 11). A human infant also needs syntax which is the principles and rules that govern the sentence structure of any natural language which will help them construct coherent sentences (Ladygina-Kohts de Waal 65). In addition, Pragmatics is another critical component since it analyses the variations through which context contributes to meaning (Kail 40). Pragmatics helps human beings with the understanding and transmission of meaning through the context of the utterance, status of the speaker and listener, the inferred intent of the speaker as well as the linguistic knowledge of the speaker and listener (Kail 42). Humans also need semantics which is the understanding of sounds, facial express ions and body language (Flynn 71). Above all, the human infant must figure out vocabulary in order to use language (Paolillo 14).Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vocabulary is the set of words which are common in a particular language (Kail 42). A person’s vocabulary generally matures and progresses with time hence it acts as a valuable and elementary implement for communication and attaining knowledge (Flynn 71). Some animals such as the African Grey Parrots have the ability to mimic human language and some show simple forms of intelligence like differentiating colors through speech (Kail 44). Animals also show syntax application since animals of the same species are able to communicate effectively though they lack the other components needed for language development. Conclusion Through careful examination of the information available, it has been established that primarily, language is different from communication. While language is used by both animals and humans, communication leads to the understanding of the language. Therefore, a human being can communicate to an animal by rewarding or whipping it depending on the animalâ€℠¢s actions and the animal gradually understands what to do and what to avoid. On the other hand, a human cannot use the same language as that of the animal yet they are able to communicate. Animals do have language which enables them to communicate effectively in their natural habitat. This is especially true with social animals such as chimpanzees, whales, birds, elephants and meerkats among others which use language to coordinate their activities in the wild as well as keep close watch on each other. Human infants must figure out five critical components in order to use language, the main component being vocabulary since it determines the content of the language. This research paper on How Language is Different From Communication? was written and submitted by user Edgar Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Al Khwarizmi Essays

Al Khwarizmi Essays Al Khwarizmi Paper Al Khwarizmi Paper Formulas for the Future By Kyle Horn Mr. Davenport Algebra 3 9-15-10 Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-khwarizmi, was a Persian mathematician, geographer, and astronomer. He was born sometime in 780 AD in Baghdad, then later died there around 850 AD. At that time the area he lived in was the epicentre of an Islamic empire which extended from the Mediterranean all the way to India. He was a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. â€Å"The word al-Khwarizmi is pronounced in classical Arabic as Al-Khwarizmi† (bookrags) Al-khwarizmi was the author of over half a dozen astronomical books. The most remarkable was titled Al-jabr w’al muqabala , which was written around 830 AD. Al-khwarizmi did most of his research and writing in the House of Wisdom, along side other scholars. His book Al-jabr w’al muqabala is what gave the branch Al-jabr to mathematics. It is now known as algebra. â€Å"The word al-jabr is usually translated as restoring, with reference to restoring the balance in an equation by placing on one side of an equation a term that has been removed from the other. † (ms) For example 2x+2=8, the balance is restored by writing 2x=6 and then x=3. The second part of the title, al muqabala, probably meant simplification, as in the case of combining 2x+5x to obtain 7x, or by subtracting out equivalent terms from both sides of an equation†. (bookrags) In the Latin translation of al-Khwarizmis Algebra , it opens with a brief introductory statement of the positional principle for numbers and then proceeds to the solution in six short chapters of six types of quadratics: â€Å"(1) squares equal to roots, ( x2=square root of 2), (2) squares equal to numbers, ( x2 =2), (3) roots equal to numbers (square root of x = 2), (4) squares and roots equal to numbers ( ), (5) squares and umbers equal to roots ( x2+1=9), and (6) roots and numbers equal to squares ( 3x+4=x2) (members. aol. com). Chapter I covers the case of squares equal to roots, expressed in modern notation as x2+5x, x(2/3)=4x, 52+10x , giving the answers x = 5, x = 12, and x= 2 respectively. † (ms) Al-khwarizmi used the term â€Å"power† to describe a square. It is said that Al-khwarizmi describing the power of an unknown or a variable (x) designed the root as of a plant, which was the origin of the term we now use in schools and colleges. Al-khwarizmi developed the algebraic terms and condition that, after a thousand years, are still being taught in schools today. His foundation has inspired mathematicians all around the world. His book has enlightened all of us. He has impacted everything from commerce to rocket science. His studies give a way to find the unknown. Without him there is so much we would not have in this day and age. because of him we have infinite knowledge highway, or the internet. Because of him so much technology has been inspired by his works. We have the computer, ipods, tvs, cars, tractors, and airplanes. Like the Wright Brothers said, â€Å" we may have built the airplane, but math made it fly. † Who’s to say, â€Å"If Al khwarizmi hadn’t developed a system of algebra, then someone else would surely have done it. † Then again, maybe not! Maybe names like, Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, and Wernher Von Braun would not appear in our history books and we’d be riding horses to school and work. Many events in history have dramatically altered the paths of men and mankind, but none are any more profound than Al-khwarizmi and his insight into the practical functions and applications of algebraic formula. eb cite (history) Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi. Al-Khwarizmi Summary. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt;http://www-history. mcs. st-andrews. ac. uk/Mathematicians/Al-Khwarizmi. htmlgt;. (bookrags) Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi Biography. BookRags. BookRags, n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt; bookrags. com/biography/abu-jafar-muham mad-ibn-musa-al-khwarizmi-wom/gt;. (ms) Al-khwa2. html. Al-khwa2. html. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt; ms. uky. edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21. htmlgt;.

Business case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business analysis - Case Study Example The study revealed that the new e-commerce platform of Quill sells technologies and services required for establishing a new website independently. The major eight factors are ubiquity, universal standards, global reach, richness, information, density, interactivity, personalization and social technology. Considering the ethical aspects and other customer requirements it is strongly recommended that Quill.com should develop the platform in different language to cater to a mass segment. Staples Inc. is regarded as one of the largest office items providers, which owns about 2000 stores in more than 25 world countries (â€Å"About us†). It is engaged in selling machines, furniture and other supplies for offices. In 1998, the company acquired Quill Corporation for expanding business. Quill Corporation sells products including office machines and furniture, along with school items. In 2001, Staples decided to integrate its website with that of the subsidiaries, which is how Quill.com had come into existence (â€Å"About us†). Quill is a subsidiary of Staples Inc, which has already entered into e-commerce business in 2001 by way of providing office items to customers. However, Quill under the governance of Staples Inc has established a new online shop on 2nd May, 2014 (â€Å"Quill.com opens an e-commerce technology shop†). Being unsatisfied with the limited sells of office supplies, Quill.com serves all requirements of small sized businesses while operating e-commerce sites through the new online shop. The company has engaged its customers through digital marketing (â€Å"Quill.com opens an e-commerce technology shop†). Quill.com has an established e-commerce business, where it sells office requirements like, furniture, machines and essential items, which are required in schools and colleges (â€Å"Quill.com opens an e-commerce technology shop†). The company has recently introduced an online shopping experience for customers, where it

RESEARCH Methods - Spain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

RESEARCH Methods - Spain - Essay Example The supply channels acts on the basis that the crude oil serves as basic input required for production; consequently, increase in the prices will trigger increase in production costs thereby causing companies to have decreased output. The impact can also be viewed from demand-side whereby it affects both investment and consumption. The longer the shock is viewed to last, the stronger the magnitude of its impact on the nations. Apart from the effect on supply and demand, oil price shock also impact foreign exchange and inflation. This is experienced on the in terms of indirect effect on real economic activity. Considering the above case, this paper makes use of both empirics and theory to determine the impact of the oil-price shock on an open-economy, while considering that the price can be perceived via multiple channels. The paper makes use of three cases for the study, United States, United Kingdom and Spain. The three matches the key features of the expected data most suitably. Spain is considered for this case because it is a net importing country hence can help determining the resultant effect of oil price shock. From this, the resultant model is used to explore the significance of oil price changes on GDP, Inflation and Trend Growth. However, our findings significantly differ from the already established literature. Most importantly, the research finding indicates that observed increase in oil prices affects the macro-economy through the supply side. This is in contrast to Hamiltons’ study of 1988, which pinpointed the demand side (Hamilton & Muns, 1988, 67). In which case, our study purports that increase in oil prices affect similarly on the negative given that higher oil prices will result to decrease in output of a firm on the basis of value-added evident in capital or labor. Additionally, the study indicates that higher

State Board for Educator Certification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

State Board for Educator Certification - Essay Example This is an ethical code safeguards the innocence of the pupils. Teachers are expected to protect their students for sexual exploitation. However, they are supposed to educate then on sex education being very cautious not to create an impression that may affect the student’s psychology. In the Texas ethical codes of conduct, teachers are therefore expected to refrain from soliciting and or engaging in sexual conduct or romantic relationship with a student.I discussed these issues with the dean of student’s affairs in my campus; he confessed that during his long service in this position to have experienced such cases. However a majority of cases were solved internally. However, a number of cases had been forwarded to the board because the complainants felt that they had not been accorded enough justice through the campus dispute committee. Unethical conduct toward professional colleagues:In most campuses across our district interactions between staff members are generally amiable, and where they are not, they are professional at the very least. The existing code of ethical standards guides against making false accusations or allusions about coworkers, observing school policies in regard to appointment, appraising, and dismissing staffs, not infringing with coworkers’ political or citizenship rights, discrimination against colleagues , among others. However, in special instances, teachers ask favors of each other that may be unethical. In fact, peer pressure is the most common form.... In the Texas ethical codes of conduct, teachers are therefore expected to refrain from soliciting and or engaging in sexual conduct or romantic relationship with a student. I discussed these issues with the dean of student’s affairs in my campus; he confessed that during his long service in this position to have experienced such cases. However a majority of cases were solved internally. However, a number of cases had been forwarded to the board because the complainants felt that they had not been accorded enough justice through the campus dispute committee. Unethical conduct toward professional colleagues: In most campuses across our district interactions between staff members are generally amiable, and where they are not, they are professional at the very least. The existing code of ethical standards guides against making false accusations or allusions about coworkers, observing school policies in regard to appointment, appraising, and dismissing staffs, not infringing with c oworkers’ political or citizenship rights, discrimination against colleagues , among others. However, in special instances, teachers ask favors of each other that may be unethical. In fact, peer pressure is the most common form of coercion, witnessed among teacher colleagues and is occasionally effective. This, in most cases puts the teacher requested in situation of breaching the set ethical standards. Week 2 Assignment, Part 3: School District Policies and Procedures The web address where your district’s human resources and personnel policies are located http://www.tea.state.tx.us/portals.aspx?id=2147484909 Briefly reflect on what you learned in reviewing these policies and procedures. I learnt that every state has its own unique policies; however, these policies are

Development of Real Photography

Development of Real Photography Introduction The increasingly mediatised culture we live in today has lead us to be dominated by and dependent upon the production and consumption of images. Notions of objectivity and empiricism in the photographic have long since disappeared, but we still locate our sense of the real in images. This dissertation will use many theories and ideas that discuss the role of photography, postmodernism and the real within todays culture. It will start with a discussion of the reasoning for the initial shift back towards the real. This shift mainly stemmed from postmodernism and the media. Postmodernism dealt with the idea of never ending reference and the fear about postmodern culture was that this never ending reference meant that all grip on reality had disappeared. There was a wish to return to something more stable and basic: the real? Due to advances in technology and developments in photography, the new fast changing everyday image led to our relationships and emotions becoming mediatised. We re -live events and experiences through images, which leads to a loss of the real. We remember the image rather than the event. Photographers started to try and return to the purely descriptive photography from the times before the mass referencing of postmodernism. This dissertation will look at how some of these photographers attempted to represent the real and also at how a few decided to play around with the representation of the real. Ansel Adams, for example, believed in simply trying to create a true representation of the landscape he was photographing. He attempted to show scenery at its most natural and realistic, with no visual manipulation or artifice. Andreas Gursky on the other hand began with this view but soon started changing this representation with digital editing so that it was no longer a true representation. Some photographers began attempting to create purely descriptive photography but could not escape referencing earlier work. Justin Partykas work The East Angli ans, for example cannot be described as anything else but descriptive photography. However, his reference to Robert Franks The Americans in his title, had led him to fall into the postmodernism trap. Can you provide an account without analysis when it comes to photography? This leads onto the main question posed in this dissertation: can we ever (re)find the real? Some would say that even photos that appear to be descriptive cannot escape being subjected to analysis and placed within a context of viewing. Due to postmodernism, we are constantly searching for meaning and analysis in images. Maybe they can never be void of reference and construction? Maybe images can never provide the clear, stable version of reality that we want from them? This constant analysis of images has exhausted our trust and interest in the photograph; there was a need to create images different from the ones we see every day in the media in order to re-find our trust in the image as truth and as art. Older, slower technologies began to re-emerge. The single image produced from these methods of working could bring back the processes of our memory that have been complicated due to the sheer amount of information we get from other technologies. There are a number of strands of pho tography that are concerned with the notion of re-finding the real. What do these methods of photographing have in common? Do any of these strands achieve the stable and basic feeling of certainty that the real exists? Andy Grundbergs phrase the crisis of the real is apt in explaining the context of the real within the photographic; the word crisis inferring both an intense difficulty and a point of departure; a need for immediate change. Defining or attempting to name this period of change is not important, what is important is what it means for photographic practice. Will we continue to be consumed by images, or is there a future beyond the cycle of referencing left by postmodernism?   Can we ever (re)find authenticity, originality and a true form of photography that can direct us to the real? Chapter 1: What caused people to want to return to the real? There are many factors which eventually led to people wanting to return to the real values that were present in art and culture before postmodernism. This chapter will look at what some of these factors are and how they led to the return of the real. It will first deal with postmodernism and how the never ending referencing that was introduced during this time affected photography as an art form, and how the loss of the real that we experienced during the postmodernist era led to a wish to return to something more stable and basic. It will also look at the advances in technology and video that came about at this time, and how these advances changed photographic culture.   It will also explore how our experiences, events, and even our emotions, both on an individual and public scale are heavily mediated, and how as a result of this, it is claimed we have lost any relation to the real. The original shift towards the real came about due to postmodernism. This new form of art focussed on bringing together elements from existing culture, and never making anything new. This new way of working led to photography being used more and more in art. Before, photography had merely been a method of recording and was used mainly in science. Anytime it had been used in art it was considered undeserving and not a true art form.   However, the rise of postmodernism meant that artists were looking for more ways to express themselves. Photography began to be used more and more, and it was becoming a more widely recognised and accepted form of art. As people were using it more and more, new developments in photographic technology were emerging. These new technologies meant that photography became more widely available, and many people who were not considered artists began using it. Photography was now used extensively in art, and in the new postmodern culture. Postmodernism discarded the idea of finding something new and original and instead focussed on recombining elements from existing culture. Nothing new was being created which soon meant that art had become exhausted. The postmodern culture played with signs of never ending reference, where the more you played the less anyone seemed to know what reality it was touching (Bate, 2004a: 31) and we had lost touch with what we thought reality to be (Bate, 2004a: 31). The constant referencing and re-referencing had led to us being absorbed in representation. We no longer knew what reality was, and what it was not. We were lost. The fear about postmodern culture was that there was no longer any anchor to reality at all, and that reality had disappeared into an endless chain of other representations (Bate, 2004a: 31). This never ending reference meant that all grip on reality had disappeared. There was a wish to re turn to something more stable and basic. There was a need for change, for something new to emerge from the endless trail of reference. In this culture, in which reality was discarded in favour of mass intertextual referencing, there was a desire to return to reality. As David Bate says, there was a, wish for a grittier, closer to reality relation through realism (Bate, 2004a: 35). Many people wanted a return to the values of modernism (the straight and pure photograph) to contemporary art photography, this is a return to description, originality and actuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" precisely all the things that were strongly rejected by postmodernism (Bate, 2004a: 33). There were many developments in technology that caused the downfall of postmodernism, along with the introduction of video. Photography was once the only way of stopping time, whereas now a freeze frame can come from any number of sources. Photographs began to be made by pulling them out of existing images; they were now selected from video and film. What had once been the sole privilege and product of the photograph is now equally likely to be the result of a cinema or video freeze-frame (Bate, 2004b: 34). The development of video was leading to photography becoming redundant.   Photography and video was also now becoming more readily available. Due to new appliances such as DVD players and VCRs, anyone could now create a freeze frame from a video. Even cinematic blockbusters can be stilled on domestic appliance devices like DVD and video machines (Bate, 2004b: 34). Victor Burgin discussed the advances in film and video in his essay Possessive, Pensive and Possessed. The int roduction of VCRs, DVD players, and eventually video editing software on personal computers, meant that the order of narrative could now be routinely countermanded (Burgin, 2007: 198) by the audience whenever they wished. This changed photography, as instead of photographs being of an actual event, they were now selections from the way the event had already been interpreted. Newspapers and news channels were no longer using photographers to capture the perfect picture; they were using video and selecting the image from the video. This enabled the news channels to pick the exact expression or look they required to give a biased representation of the person or thing. They could now create a completely false demonstration and force a public collective opinion. David Bate talks about these freeze-frame images in his article After Thought, Part II. He says, The possibility of choosing the right moment in such instances is still dependent upon   a person knowing when to push the button, but this is now in the hands of someone selecting a still from an already produced moving image. The selected decisive moment is chosen from a film or video stream rather than reality itself. Whereas a photograph was supposed to be a rectangle ripped out of time as John Berger had once dramatically put it, today it is more often via the computer that a print is pulled out of some existing image bank. (Bate, 2004a: 34) Images used to be representations of actual lived events à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" now these images we see in news and the media are much more likely to be representations from the way the event has already been represented. Video had stolen what makes photography special à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the decisive moment. Therefore the specificity and specialness of photography had to find itself in some other attribute of photography. New developments in digital imagery mean that we can now see results instantly; there is no waiting in a lab or until the end of your holiday to see your photographs. Advances in technology, such as mobile phones, email, etc. now allow us to see and share images in a fraction of a second. The person sending these images and the person receiving them can now send and expect results instantly. Yet despite the idea that these mobile technologies bring us all closer to each other, we are caught up in a contradiction, since they increasingly mediatise our relationships to one another (Bate, 2004b: 35).   We no longer talk to each other and see each other face to face; we instead communicate through email, mobile text messaging and social networking sites, where we never actually see the other person we are communicating with. This has lead to a loss of the real. As David Bate said, To look at something it has to be kept at a distance (Bate, 2004b: 35). Because of the loss of the real that we experienced during the postmodernist era there is a wish to return to something more stable and basic. New art is now made up of redundant processes that are often older and slower, which makes this new art form different from the images we see in everyday media culture. If analogue photography is becoming technologically redundant or residual to news and advertising industries, the consequences for art are different. New art is often borne of redundant industrial processes, usually older and slower, by finding a new use and aesthetic within the arts and which comes out of its marking a difference from image uses in everyday media culture. (Bate, 2004b: 40) Artists were leaving these new fast technologies that were used in the media in favour of older slower ones. These old, redundant methods were considered more real. The traditional, slower, apparently simpler methods seemed to be more linked to the real as they are different from the images in the media. Some people have called this change and shift in the way that photographs are being constructed a shift towards the real values that were present in modernism, before the rise of postmodernism. As Susan Sontag says, The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates with the wish to return to a more artisanal, purer past à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" when images still had a handmade quality, an aura (Sontag, 1977: 221). But, Hal Foster feels that we have not left postmodernism completely, it has just become normalised. The consequence of this is that we change the way we want reality to be constructed. Hal Foster feels that simply, postmodernism became dÃÆ' ©modÃÆ' ¨ (Foster, 1996: 206). Due to the media, we have become inundated with images and photographs in our everyday life, to the extent that images have become our reality. We no longer separate images from real life, and the two have become blurred. In his book, Comments on the Society of the Spectacle, Guy Debord talks about how developments in photography and the proliferation of mass media images have contributed to what Debord called the society of the spectacle. In the spectacular world, images and representations become our reality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" everything exists as and for images. Where images refer to one another endlessly, originality and authenticity are abolished. We become consumed by images and messages. Experience, events, and even our emotions, both on an individual and public scale are heavily mediated. As a result of this, it is claimed we have lost any relation to the real; The spectacle has now spread itself to the point where it now permeates all reality. (Debord, 1990: 9) Our real-life experiences become repressed and events take place in a mediated, pseudo-reality. We can no longer distinguish between real memories, and mediated memories. Victor Burgin explores this in his essay Possessive, Pensive and Possessed. He describes a study done in 1977 where people were interviewed about their past experiences. There were a few people in the study who believed that media events or films were in fact their own memories. People became confused and mixed personal history with scenes from films or media productions. As Burgin says, I saw at the cinema would simply become I saw (Burgin, 2007: 200). Burgin explains how these people were remembering scenes from a film instead of real life, and called these memories screen memories;   A screen memory is one which comes to mind in the place of, and in order to conceal, an associated but repressed memory (Burgin, 2007: 201). People were remembering images and scenes from films and the media that were similar to their real memories, but were less painful as there were not actual lived recollections. People were using these to cover up and replace genuine, traumatic memories. In the past, events happened but people just didnt know about them as there was no media. It rarely went beyond those involved. Now because of media we all know about every event, and add these events to our memories, even though we have not actually physically experienced them. We forget our real experiences and replace them with things from the media. Thomas De Zengotita, in his book, Mediated; How the media shape the world around us, describes how our reaction to big events such as the 9/11 disaster is to experience and re-live them through images. He calls this bubble of mediated representations the blob. In the world of the blob, momentous catastrophes such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks are almost poignant enough to burst the bubble, something like that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" will feel as if it might be sharp enough, as if it might pierce the membrane and slice the pulp (De Zengotita, 2007: 27). However, not surprisingly, our reaction to such events is to experience and re-live it t hrough images, adding it to our bank of mediated events.   In other words, they become part of the spectacle. Chapter 2: Realism in Landscape Photography This chapter is going to explore how photographers attempt to represent the real, and if you can create a purely descriptive photograph. It will discuss photographers that try to represent the real, and also photographers that play around with the representation of the real, to create something completely different. I will specifically be looking at landscape photography, as this is the area of photography were photographers have really attempted to create authentic representations of the real, to show the landscape. It is also the area of photography that I am particularly interested in. To attempt to show the real in landscape photography, you need to show the scenery at its most natural and realistic, with no visual manipulation or artifice. There is also the argument that no message, meaning or reference may be conveyed at all. Considering it is the view of some people that photographs are analysed and given meaning as soon as they are viewed, is this possible? In this chapter, select works of four photographers will be looked at. It will consider how each photographer has attempted to show the real, either as an exact representation, or by manipulating the representation to give it a different meaning, and will discuss whether they have managed this. The photographers that are going to be observed are Ansel Adams, Andreas Gursky, Doug Aitken and Justin Partyka. Ansel Adams is an environmentalist and photographer who makes landscape photographs to essentially document and record the beauty of nature. Adams love of nature began when he was a child, after having problems fitting in at school and eventually being home taught. He would go for hikes through nature, and this is where his fascination with nature was set in motion. Adams began his photographic career by using the Kodak No. 1 Box Brownie his parents had given him to record his travels through the Yosemite Valley. He soon joined the Sierra club, and held his first solo exhibition at the clubs headquarters in 1928. The work created by Adams is done using a large format camera, so as to capture as much detail as possible. The image I will be looking at is called Mt. Clarence King, Pool, Kings Canyon National Park, California (1925). It is a landscape image taken in Kings Canyon National Park in 1925. The image is a black and white image, of a scene, with large mountains in the background and a pool in the foreground. There is a lot of gravelly earth around the pool and some trees and bushes between the mountains and pool. This image is an authentic representation of the landscape, and is not trying to be anything else. Adams wanted to purely represent the landscape, and this is what he has done. Adams began to pursue straight photography, in which the clarity of the lens was emphasized, and the final print gave no appearance of being manipulated in the camera or the darkroom (www.anseladams.com, 2009). Adams only ever tried to create accurate representations of the landscape.   However, you could argue that the fact that he works in black and white indicates that this image is not a true representation, as the world is not in black and white. This non use of colour is therefore a message, rendering the im ages more than pure description. Andreas Gursky is one of the rare photographers who began attempting to create vast, clear representations of the real, but then moved on to openly digitally manipulating his images. I will be looking at some of his work pre 1990s, as this is before he started to digitally manipulate his images. Gursky was trained and influenced by Hilla and Bernd Becher, who are known for their straight, scientific style of systematically cataloguing industrial machinery and architecture. This may be compared to the similar methodical approach that Gursky has to his own work. Gursky generally photographs landscape in large colour format (although a lot of his work is urban landscape, both interior and exterior). The image I will be examining is Fishermen, MÃÆ' ¼lheim a.d. Ruhr, taken in 1989. This is a landscape image of Gurskys taken in 1989. It is of a river running through the city of MÃÆ' ¼lheim. The river is wide and flat, with trees covering both banks. You can just make out a few small groups of fishermen on the banks of the river, and a bridge in the distance. This is before he used any digital manipulation, and was purely trying to represent the real. Gursky has not attempted to conceal or change anything in this image to give it a meaning or a reference. He has named the image what it is, Fishermen, MÃÆ' ¼lheim a.d. Ruhr, which is simply what is it, fishermen on a river in MÃÆ' ¼lheim, so has not tried to imply meaning through the name of the image. This image is meant to be purely descriptive, and a genuine representation of the real. Other photographers and writers have agreed with this, for example David Bate says What Gursky and Evans both share (with different techniques of course) is an awesome description. The effects of these anecdotal descriptions is primarily to evince reality through the photographic instant of here it is and this is how it is. The picture throws at the audience a defiant description where the accumulation of anecdotal detail actually inhibits the communication of a specific message. (Bate, 2004a; pg 33) Bates view is that the vast amount of detail in the image actually inhibits a message being conveyed by the image. He feels Gurskys plan is to be as authentically descriptive as possible à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is how it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and not to hide or imply any other meaning or reference. This may have been Gurskys plan, to attempt to create a pure representation of the real, but this does not change how we view images. We still attempt to create a meaning for ourselves, as we no longer feel that sheer description is enough. There must be a referent, a meaning behind the image, and we are constantly looking for it. Gursky was attempting to create a purely descriptive photograph, but we do not see it like that because of the way we now look at and interpret images. Doug Aitken works with a range of material, including photography, sculpture, films, sound, single and multichannel video works and instillations. This essay, however, will just be looking at his photography. Rather than purely representing the real in his images, Aitken plays around with the representation of the image so they are descriptive photographs, but the way they are put together adds a message and reference. Aitken lives and works in Los Angeles, and is one of many new artists to work with the medium of film. Film is Aitkens main medium for his art work although he does work with still images from time to time. The image I am going to be looking at is called New Opposition III. This is an image made up of four different images. Separately, the images could be considered as descriptive attempts at representing the real. However, the way that Aitken puts them together changes this. If viewed on their own, they would be seen as purely descriptive, real images of landscape. But the way they have been put together suggests something else. They become more like a narrative, showing different places at different times, together; I wanted to find a way to blend together different moments in time, different spaces and different locations (Aitken, : 62). Aitken feels that the images would not work on their own and rely on each other to create their meaning. On their own, they would be nothing. He says The photographs do not work as self-sufficient one-off frames but rely on each other for meaning. The optical tricks that the landscape form when placed together give the impression to the viewer that they are either falling into the centre of the earth or are on top of it looking down as if from the apex of a pyramid (Aitken, :62). The way the images are placed together is obviously very important to the meaning that Aitken is trying to provide. Aitken is using real images in his work, but playing around with the representation so that they are no longer considered real. He purposefully adds a meaning and a message to his images, rather than leaving it to the viewers imagination. This is different from somebody like Gursky, who does not give a message, as the image is just supposed to be an authentic representation. Any meaning given to Gurskys images is given by the viewer, in contrast to Aitkens images where the meaning is given for you. Viewers are now so used to images having a meaning, and that meaning being told to them, that they now look for a meaning in everything. Justin Partyka is a photographer whose work explores the importance of place, culture and identity, and the roles that tradition and landscape play in these themes. He is currently working on three long term projects; The East Anglians, The Carnivalesque of CÃÆ' ¡diz, and Saskatchewan. The project I will be concentrating on is The East Anglians. The work, The East Anglians, is a collection of documentary photographs of rural life in East Anglia. Partyka attempts to create real images, in a documentary style. His photographs are often very straight with no messages or signs. The image I am looking at is one from the East Anglians series, but the title is unknown. This image is of an old barn in East Anglia. As the image is untitled, it suggests that Partyka did not want to imply any meaning at all, not even naming the place or image. The barn is quite old and rusty, and appears to be in a state of disrepair. There is a lot of grass in the foreground in front of the barn, and fields behind it. The photograph is an attempt at a real representation of the scene. However, Partyka has called this series of photographs, The East Anglians. This is a quite obvious reference to Robert Franks, The Americans. Although Partyka has created purely descriptive images, he has referenced other work in his title. Partykas work, although essentially descriptive, cannot deny the presence of such referencing. What we have here is an image that is subjective in narrative, with referencing to earlier photography, and yet undoubtedly descriptive. I see photography as very much a descriptive mediumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but obviously this description is an edited one based on the choices made by the photographer in where they point the camera and when they press the shutter (Partyka, 2009). Partyka has acknowledged that his photographs are descriptive, and that photography is a descriptive medium, but can a photograph ever be a pure representation of the real? As Partyka says, the description of an image is based on the photographers choice of where to point the camera and when to press the shutter, which immediately adds reference to the image. We cant help but look at what a photograph means. Photographs are placed in a context of viewing, and are subjected to analysis and interpretation at the very instance of looking. So, although Partyka has undoubtedly created very descriptive images, the referencing in his title, and the fact that images are analysed as soon as they are placed in a context of viewing, means his photographs are no longer purely descriptive. Can we ever have an account without analysis? It seems that we cannot. Even photographs that are meant to be purely descriptive are analysed and given meaning and reference as soon as they are placed within a context of viewing. This is similar to the Observer Effect popular in current interpretations of Quantum Mechanics.   This theory puts forward the postulate that by merely observing an object, the very nature of the object itself is changed: One of the most bizarre premises of quantum theory, which has long fascinated philosophers and physicists alike, states that by the very act of watching, the observer affects the observed reality (www.sciencedaily.com, 1998). Could it therefore be said that an image may remain purely descriptive as long as it is never viewed, and therefore never interpreted and given meaning? Possibly, but then we also have to discuss whether a photograph is made more than a pure representation when it is taken. When a photographer decides where to po int their camera, when to press the shutter, what to cut out of the image and what to include, it could be said that in that instant the photographer is not making an exact representation of reality, but an edited one. Therefore, it could also be said that we can never provide a purely descriptive representation of the real through photography. Chapter 3: Can we ever get back to the real? This brings us to the question; can we ever get back to the real? Were we even there in the first place?   Does descriptive realism actually exist in photography? This chapter will look at the theories and ideas of many photography theorists, as well as my own, and will attempt to answer these questions, and others. It will use work from various photographers, as well as several essays and books to endeavour to explore the notions of the real in relation to photography and contemporary culture, and to investigate if we can find, or re-find the real. Does descriptive realism exist? We cant help but look at what the photograph signifies and means. Even photographs that appear to be descriptive cannot escape being subjected to analysis and placed within a context of viewing. Everything in an image is symbolic once we begin to interpret it, and this begins at the very instance of looking. This is, as Roland Barthes says, great scorn for the realists who do not see that the photograph is always coded (Barthes, 2000: 88). Photographs can never be void of theoretical underpinnings, and any photographs that do appear to be purely realistic only do so in accord to what we expect a descriptive or realistic image to be like. Debord explains this perfectly in his discussion of theory; what is so droll, however, is that all the books which do analyse this phenomenon, usually to deplore it, cannot but join the spectacle if theyre to get attention (Debord, 1990: 5). Evidently we continue to encounter an endless cycle of referencing, which cannot be traced simply to the accepted beginnings of postmodernism. Photographs are analysed as soon as they are viewed. Perhaps they never were, and never will be void of reference and construction? Maybe they can never provide the clear, stable version of reality that we want from them? Conceptual photography attempts to show the truth by highlighting this dilemma. It attempts to parody the common notions of indexicality and truth in photographic representations, and in doing so, reveals this as the real. In their essay From Presence to Performative: Re-thinking Photographic Indexicality, David Green and Joanna Lowry look at notions of indexicality and truth in photographic representations. They discuss how photographs are indexical not just because light is recorded in an instant on a piece of photosensitive film, but also, because they were taken: the very act of photography, as a kind of performative gesture which points to an event in the world, as a form of designation that draws reality into the image field, is thus itself a form of indexicality. (Green and Lowry, 2003: 48). They discuss how conceptual photography attempts to parody the common notions of indexicality and truth in photographic representations, and in doing so, reveal this as the real: [conceptu al photographs] point to the real while reminding us that photography can never represent it (Green and Lowry, 200

vietnam conflict :: essays research papers

The Vietnam conflict Part of French Indochina, Vietnam was occupied by the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II. Ironically, America's first involvement in the region was in support of a Vietnamese patriot named Ho Chi Minh, the leader of a small nationalist movement which had been waging a campaign against the Japanese since 1941. At the end of the War, Ho and his "Viet Minh" movement actively resisted France's attempt to regain control of Vietnam, and turned to the Soviet Union and Communist China for assistance. While the United States did not initially support French return to power, the collapse of the Chinese Nationalist government in 1949 and the outbreak of the Korean War in June, 1950 solidified American resolve to contain communism and prevent worldwide aggression. As a result, President Truman stepped up assistance to France and stationed a small assistance and advisory group in Saigon in September 1950. Successive military defeats over the next four years eroded the French will to carry on the war, even though by 1954 the United States was bearing about 75% of its financial cost. The Viet Minh ultimately defeated the French in May of that year, but were denied their goal of a united, communist Vietnam. An international conference in Geneva partitioned Vietnam at the 17th parallel and the Eisenhower administration agreed to provide direct U.S. military assistance to the South. American military commitment to South Vietnam was expanded by President's Kennedy and Johnson, as their war with North Vietnam intensified. In August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked U.S. Navy ships in international waters off the coast of Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. Congress responded by passing a joint resolution which "Americanized" the war by authorizing the President to "take all necessary measures† to safeguard the troops and prevent aggression. The Illinois National Guard became involved in the Vietnam Conflict in April 1968, when the 126th Supply and Service Company was called to support the build up of United States forces. The Quincy, Illinois unit which consisted of 200 members was capable of operating a supply and service facility in direct support of approximately 8,000 soldiers. In May, the 126th left Illinois to begin its training at Fort Carson, Colorado. It deployed to Vietnam in September and was assigned to the 23rd Supply and Transportation Battalion, with responsibility for providing logistical support to soldiers near Chu Lai and Da Nang. It supported 111 units, processing an average of 1500 requests for supplies and food per week.

Cognitive approach Essay

The cognitive approach focuses on the way information is processed by humans. It looks at how we as individuals treat information and how it leads to responses. Cognitive psychologists study internal processes such as attention, language, memory, thinking and perception. The main assumption of this approach is that in when information is received it is then processed by the brain and this processing directs how we as individuals behave or justify why we behave the way we do. With the cognitive approach it is hard to view its constructions, though, some say that it is an example of theoretical constructs. This means that we cannot directly see processes such as thinking but we can infer what a person is thinking based on simply the way they act. Cognitive psychologists mainly focus on internal mental processes such as memory. Attention is put on how individuals learn to solve problem and the mental processes that are present between stimulus and response. This approach has been influenced by developments in computer science, such that the ideas are very similar. It gets its idea from how a computer works and how we process information. Based on the computer analogy, cognitive psychology is interested in how the brain inputs, stores and outputs information. Loftus and Palmers (1974) study of an eyewitness testimony demonstrates how the cognitive process of a person’s memory can be misled by other information provided after an event. This highlights that memory is a dynamic process which can be influenced by many events such as leading questions. The study also shows that memory is a dynamic process and changes to make sense of certain experiences. When individuals behave in a certain way towards another individual, it is likely that we challenge to understand how the other is thinking and feeling. Baron-Cohen’s (1997) study of behaviour and how it can be influenced by a cognitive process identifies a ‘theory of mind ’. This theory enables an individual to acknowledge grow understanding and respect for the fact that people have thoughts and beliefs that are different from their own. His study challenges to demonstrate that the main inefficiency of autism is a failure to completely develop the cognitive process of a ‘theory of mind’. This approach is different from other approaches in different ways. One way is that it adopts the use of scientific and experimental methods to measure mental processes. Another  difference is that the approach is the supporter of importance of mental processes such as beliefs and desires in determining behaviour unlike the behaviourist approach. One strength of the cognitive approach is that it uses a scientific approach through the use of laboratory experiments. These experiments are beneficial as they are extremely high in control, thus enabling researchers to recognise the cause and effect. In terms of being able to control, when Loftus and Palmers conducted their study they were able to control the ages of the participants and the location of the experiment. Every participant was asked the same questions. Furthermore, experiments such as the one discussed is easy to test for reliability. However, many cognitive studies that are carried out in laboratory settings/environment ca n lack environmental validity. It may be difficult to generalise the results/findings to everyday life if the cognitive process such as memory and theory of mind are studied in artificial situations. A further asset of this approach is the useful contributions that have risen from this approach. Understanding cognitive process allows us to help improve the way in which people execute their cognitive process such as memory or language. The Baron-Choen’s study on behaviour and how it is influential enables us to understand the behaviour of people with mental conditions. Similarly, Loftus and Palmer’s study highlights the limitations of an eyewitness testimony. Though the approach has many strengths, it also has some weakness’, one being that the cognitive approach relates to the validity of measuring cognitive processes. The approach relies heavily on a self-report and observation, meaning, we can only gather/interpret what someone is thinking. http://www.revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/psychology/themes-issues-and-debates/nature-nurture-debate/approaches-stance-nature-nurture http://www.simplypsychology.org/perspective.html Humanism Humanistic psychology is a perspective that highlights the study of a person as a whole, this is referred to as ‘holism’. Humanistic psychologists look at human behaviour not only through the eye of the observer but through the eyes of the person doing the behave. Humanistic psychologists believes that an individual’s behaviour is linked to their inner feelings and self-image. The approach centres on the view that each person is different and unique, and each individual has free will to change at any time in their lives. The perspective suggest that we as indivduals are responsible for our own happiness and well-being. As humans with have an inborn capaticy for self –actualization which is our desire to achieve our highest potential as people. The humanists regarded scientific methods as inappropriate for studying behaviour beacause of the focus on the person and their personal experiences and perception of the world. There are two very influential theorist s in humanistic psychology. These are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Psychodynamic perspective Who hasn’t heard of Sigmund Freud? So many expressions from our daily life come from Freud’s theories of psychoanalysis – subconscious, denial, repression and anal personality to name only a few. Freud believes that events in our childhood can have a significant impact on our behavior as adults. He also believed that people have little free will to make choices in life. Instead our behavior is determined by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. It is the original psychodynamic theory and inspired psychologists such as Jung and Erikson to develop their own psychodynamic theories. Freud’s work is vast and he has contributed greatly to psychology as a discipline. Freud, the founder of Psychoanalysis, explained the human mind as like an iceberg, with only a small amount of it being visible, that is our observable behavior, but it is the unconscious, submerged mind that has the most, underl ying influence on our behavior. Freud used three main methods of accessing the unconscious mind: free association, dream analysis and slips of the tongue. He believed that the unconscious mind consisted of three components: the ‘id’ the ‘ego’ and the ‘superego’. The ‘id’ contains  two main instincts: ‘Eros’, which is the life instinct, which involves self-preservation and sex which is fuelled by the ‘libido’ energy force. ‘Thanatos’ is the death instinct, whose energies, because they are less powerful than those of ‘Eros’ are channeled away from ourselves and into aggression towards others. The ‘id’ and the ‘superego’ are constantly in conflict with each other, and the ‘ego’ tries to resolve the discord. If this conflict is not resolved, we tend to use defense mechanisms to reduce our anxieties. Psychoanalysis attempts to help patients resolve their inner conflicts. An asp ect of psychoanalysis is Freud’s theory of psychosexual development. It shows how early experiences affect adult personality. Stimulation of different areas of the body is important as the child progresses through the important developmental stages. Too much or too little can have bad consequences later. The most important stage is the phallic stage where the focus of the libido is on the genitals. During this stage little boys experience the ‘Oedipus complex’, and little girls experience the ‘Electra complex’. These complexes result in children identifying with their same-sex parent, which enables them to learn sex-appropriate behavior and a morale code of conduct. However it has been criticized in the way that it over emphasizes of importance of sexuality and under emphasizes of role of social relationships. The theory is not scientific, and can’t be proved as it is circular. The sample was biased, consisting of middle-class, middle-aged neurotic women. Never the less psychoanalysis has been greatly contributory to psychology in that it has encouraged many modern theorists to modify it for the better, using its basic principles, but eliminating its major flaws. Perspectives Conclusion To conclude, there are many different perspectives to psychology in explaining different types of behaviour and give different judgments. The fact that there are many perspectives shows that human behave is in fact a very complex thing to analyse. A scientific approach, such as cognitive psychology or behaviourism, often tends to ignore the personal experiences that people have. Though, the humanistic perspective does in fact recognise human experience. The psychodynamic perspective concentrates  largely on the unconscious mind and childhood. The biological perspective reduces humans to a group of mechanisms and physical structures that are essential and very important, such as genes. However, the biological perspective fails to account for consciousness and influences of the environment and behaviour.

The Collapse of the Qing Dynasty Essays

The Collapse of the Qing Dynasty Essays The Collapse of the Qing Dynasty Essay The Collapse of the Qing Dynasty Essay Explain the key reasons for the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty’s collapse was due to three main influences, with underlying reasons involved in each. The first being foreign intervention related strongly to militarism, gunboat diplomacy, imperialism and the rise of unequal treaty systems. The second influence was China’s failure to reform and uprisings, such as the boxer rebellion and lastly economic decline. These three factors ultimately resulted in the downfall of the dynasty. The Qing Dynasty relied heavily on the effectiveness of its fighting forces. However, due to corruption and loss of skills the military began to crumble. Militarism, the use of army for political advantage, became very influential for a large power as having military power gave huge stability and security to the empire. It was in conjunction with militarism that ‘gunboat diplomacy’, the practice of asking for something with no intent on agreeing to any other arrangement, occurred used more and more. The Manchu government lied about the number of soldiers that they had in their units in order to receive extra money for supplies and salaries, so by 1850 only half of the soldiers on the enlistment forms actually existed. Imperialism, or the practice of conquering and developing another area usually for trading purposes, was also a major contributor to the decline of the dynasty. The Sino-Japanese war was very humiliating for the Chinese people because it once again highlighted defeat on China by a foreign power, and as well internal troubles, this increased the xenophobic feeling toward outsiders, which resulted in a lot of resentment for foreigners, which meant that leaders such as Cixi who were opposed to foreigners and modernization gained a lot of support from the population. Unequal treaties, such as the ‘Treaty of Nanjing’ and the ‘Treaty of Whampoa’ and ‘Treaty of Wanghia’ impacted severely on China. When forced to sign the treaties, China was forced to agree to open up parts of China to western control and influence and this caused a lot of resentment and discontentment between the people of China and foreigners, this adding to the already xenophobic culture of China. This was a major example of imperialism as these treaties favored foreign trade but China didn’t gain any concession from the foreigners. This in turn weakening the economic power of china and the governments control over the country weakened. Failure to reform was mainly due to weak and ineffective leadership, the conservatives, and especially corruption of the dynasty and its officials. Ineffective leadership and very luxurious living of the emperors and government officials also led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. Officials were left in charge of the administration of the dynasty because the two emperors of the time, Tongzhi and Guangxu were still children, and this lack of imperial control gave Cixi the ability to ‘rule from behind the curtain’. Corruption was also throughout many aspects of the administration of the Qing Dynasty. Many officials increased their own personal fortunes by raising peasant’s taxes and by pocketing money, which was to be used for infrastructure, such as the river mitigation project. Finally uprisings and economic decline plunged the Qing Dynasty into failure because of the rebellions, peasant discontentment, which both resulted in resentment of the dynasty. Another factor influencing the economic decline was natural disasters. Irresponsible spending and the luxuries experienced by the emperor and officials lead to the erosion of the economy. This, as well as a shortage of silver, due to indemnities, led to extreme inflation of the economy and therefore to the decline of the Qing Dynasty. The peasant discontentment was mainly due to the increased taxes and the deterioration of living standards they were subjected to. The Qing Dynasty was severely weakened because of internal issues in relation to foreign modernization and the calls for china to do the same. The Boxer Rebellion was mainly aimed at Christian missionaries and foreign industrialists and contributed to the downfall of the dynasty because it ailed at its attempt to get rid of the foreigners from china. This failure cost the Chinese people lots of money, as well as weakening their territory, once again humiliating the population. Although this simplifies the decline and eventual collapse of the Qing Dynasty, it does provide some insight into the actions and consequences, which can be said to have led to the downfall of the dynasty, and it can be seen that the th ree main influences, being foreign intervention, failure to reform and uprisings and economic decline, led to the collapse of the dynasty and led to modernization of China.

Thermal Condutivity essays

Thermal Condutivity essays The objective of experiment #6 is to examine the thermal conductivity of lexan and glass. Ice was used to check for the insulation capacity. Thermal conduction is a term used to represent a form of heat transport due to interactions between ions, atoms, and molecules in a substance but at the same time the ions, atoms, and molecules are not being transferred. Metals are a good example of thermal conductivity because they have free electrons floating around. Heat is the change of kinetic energy which is transferred from one point to another because of the difference in temperature of these points. The unit for heat is joule (J). The formula to calculate the amount of heat conducted through material is: where Q is the heat conducted; A is the area where conduction takes place; T2- T1 is the difference of temperature between the top and bottom parts of the material; t is the total time that takes the conduction to take place; k is the thickness of the material; k is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the specific material. The unit of k is Watt per meter-Kelvin (W/mK). The thermal conductivity of a material is important to civil engineers especially because when they build a building, they have to make sure they prevent heat flow between apartments by using materials for the walls that have small value of k. The apparatus used in experiment 6 was a steam generator. The tank of the steam generator (1 L) should be filled approximately  ¾ full of water and the dial should be set to 8. A slab of a specific material is put between a steam chamber and a block of ice in mold. The steam, coming from the steam generator, enters the chamber. As time passes by, a difference in temperature between the bottom and the top part of the material is reached. The melted ice is collected and measured in order to measure the heat transferred through the sample. The temperature insi ...

Service Desk Shift Supervisors Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Service Desk Shift Supervisors Guide - Essay Example The code for the program that will be supplementary to the Supervisor’s Guide will be a program to determine scheduling for the various shift supervisor(s) so that data may be entered and then the subsequent schedule for the particular supervisor will appear. This is to supplement the Shift Supervisor Guide that has already been written and can be found in section B under section A entitled the Formal Report. Basically, the Shift Supervisor’s Guide contains 10 basic sections, all of which relate to issues that could come up at the service desk with regard to operating a computer lab. Thus, it is important to understand the set-up of the lab—depending upon the configurations for the supervisor’s client or employer. ... The Shift Supervisor should become familiar with all of the necessary precautions to take, well in advance of any problems from occurring. It makes sense to be current regarding all these issues so that the appropriate measures for system maintenance can be completed. Review of Other Work (2 pages) There have been several studies done showing that good technical writing yields helpful results, especially when it comes to task-oriented information. According to Pringle and O’Keefe (2003), â€Å"Task-oriented writing makes up the bulk of technical documentation—installation manuals, getting started manuals, and user guides, for example† (pp. 91). Here it will be discussed: the three main steps of technical writing in developing a software manual for a company; the objectives of technical writing; and the purpose and sub-steps of each step and how they relate to the manual. The three main steps of of technical writing include: creating an outline, doing research, an d connecting the research with known information. First, before one starts writing on a technical subject such as computer software, one must be familiar with what one is writing about. If the writer doesn’t understand the nature of the software he/she is writing about, he/she is certainly not going to be able to write clearly and well on how to use the software. So first it is key to have enough knowledge about the topic so that one can create a basic outline for the technical writing project. The main objective of technical writing is to help the consumer use a product—in this case, a software application. In other words, one’s writing is supposed to achieve a certain effect so people can pick up the manual without having previously had knowledge on the

Do We Live in a World of Media Infotainment And Melodramatic Reportage Essay

Do We Live in a World of Media Infotainment And Melodramatic Reportage - Essay Example It is in the context of this process that infotainment has been expanded in countries worldwide. The above process is related to the limitation of national media cultures and the establishment of media rules and ethics that are common in all countries – at least those being affected by the particular media system. In other words, infotainment reflects the trend for the promotion of a global media culture (Thussu 2007, p.68). Melodramatic reportage has been another aspect of the above trend, supporting – like infotainment – the promotion of common media ethics and rules for all countries worldwide. In order to understand the level at which media infotainment is currently developed worldwide, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the characteristics and the content of the particular term, i.e. to show the activities and ideas that the above term incorporates. In accordance with Kellner (2003) ‘infotainment discloses a synergy between information technol ogies and multimedia which combine entertainment and information’ (Kellner 2003, p.14). In other words, infotainment incorporates two different media roles, the provision of information and the entertainment. The combination of these roles can lead to a dynamic media concept, being able to attract the interest of people of different ages and social classes. Various explanations have been given in the literature regarding the expansion of infotainment. In accordance with Lange (1999) the increase of competition in media has led to the alteration of the content and the structure of news programmes; instead of focusing on political news, media emphasizes on ‘human interest stories’ (Lange 1999, p.27). It is... This essay approves that the role of infotainment in the above case has been clear: attracting the attention of the British people away from the government’s decisions, gathering funds for supporting various public activities and improving the relationship between the British public and the monarchy. The above fact shows that infotainment can have different aspects, influencing the views of the public on various political and social activities. The specific role of infotainment has been made clearer in the case of celebrities’ crimes. In such cases, infotainment has three distinctive roles: to provide information on the crime committed, to prevent public from developing similar behavior and to entertain – at the level that the crime committed is used as a chance for focusing on the private life of the celebrity involved – for example the case of Lindsay Lohan, as analyzed below. This phenomenon is more intense in developed countries – where the fund s invested on media advertising are quite high. This report makes a conclusion that the expansion of media infotainment and melodramatic reportage in most countries internationally cannot be doubted. In fact, the review of two specific news texts – related to media infotainment – proved that the approach used by journalists when presenting a particular story is highly differentiated compared to the past. Of course, the role of the media infotainment in the increase of publicity of a particular event cannot be doubted.

Changes in Intercollegiate Athletic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Changes in Intercollegiate Athletic - Assignment Example The participation of gaming at colleges has to lead to the formation of national teams taking part in Olympics, tournaments, and creation of professional leagues. The paper dwells on the discussion on changes that have taken place in the intercollegiate athletic. Introduction of athletic scholarship among universities has seen many students discover and nurture their talents besides seeking education. The opportunity has improved sports activities among students, encouraging more female scholars to take up athletic practices. Arianne & Zullo estimates that 78 percent of athletics in universities enroll on scholarship from research done in Penn State. School sports help in achieving education mission as the team such as basketball, hockey development innovative programs that aid in instilling discipline and hard work among scholars. Provision of incentives to athletics and distribution of funds to institutions belonging to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has resulted in the commercialization of sporting activities. Lavish spending is among the main problems facing college sports because many universities pour a large amount of money on types of equipment and facilities in order to produce excellent players in soccer, basket ball forgetting to adhere to the institution’s budget. Failure to plan sports’ events has seen colleges run in sports deficit because funds are to cater for scholarship as well as support sporting, forcing the state and donor to offset the debts even worse use fee levied from all students. In the recent past, athletic achievement has been recognized in the job market thus creating an opportunity for the participants rather than dwell on academics performance alone. The experience both educational and athletic earned during the tenure is essential in the everyday life.

Hamlet Review Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Review Essay Primary Characters: * Hamlet- indecisive, isolates himself, plans his â€Å"antic disposition† * Claudius- murder of King Hamlet, Hamlet’s uncle and stepfather, guilty * Ophelia- Polonius’s daughter, Hamlet’s love, drowns Secondary Characters: * Horatio- Hamlet’s friend * Polonius- protective of Ophelia, believes Hamlet is affected by Ophelia’s love * Gertrude- Hamlet’s mother and the queen * Laertes- Polonius’s son and Ophelia’s brother, wants to kill Hamlet after Ophelia dies Point of view and other notable techniques: Most people believe that Hamlet was written in the 3rd person point of view. However, some literary critics argue that Shakespeare’s characters possess individuality too great to be bound under a fixed point of view. Like actual people, they act with intentions we cannot completely comprehend. This lack of fixed point of view allows the work to be up to interpretation, as it has been analyzed in a variety of ways. Shakespeare embodies various structural, literary, and stylistic techniques in his play. He often switches between the use of blank verse and prose when dealing with his different characters. He also uses iambic pentameter throughout the play. Examples of this can be most easily found in Hamlet’s â€Å"To be or not to be† monologue in Act III. Favorite stylistic techniques of Shakespeare include soliloquy, particularly those uttered by Hamlet throughout the play (the â€Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  soliloquy remains one of the most famous in English literature). He also uses various allusions to both biblical and mythological references throughout Hamlet, including a reference to the Garden of Eden in the Ghost of Hamlet’s father’s graphic description of his murder. Imagery is another favorite technique of Shakespeare, as he uses his words to paint images of violence, chaos, beauty, and darkness. The language of Shakespeare is in a class of its own, as the old English text he employs throughout the play reflect his own unique manner of writing. Major conflicts and resolutions: * Hamlet vs. His inner self- Hamlet struggles between action and inaction throughout the entire play. Is inability to act out what he feels and kill Claudius ultimately leads to his death. * Hamlet vs. Claudius, Polonius, Ophelia Laertes: Hamlet has many external conflicts with the other characters that stem from his internal conflict. The conflict between Claudius and Hamlet leads to both of their deaths. Hamlet kills Polonius out of a fit of insanity. Ophelia and Hamlet seem to have various problems, (as seen by the nunnery scene) and in the end Ophelia ends up going insane and drowning. After Ophelia dies, Laertes wants to seek revenge. He and Hamlet fence and because of a mix up of swords, he is poisoned by his own sword. Key Scenes: * A huge turning point in Hamlet is within rising action. The ghost tells hamlet to revenge his murder. Hamlet finds out that it is Claudius, but Hamlet does not kill Claudius because he is in prayer. * The climax of â€Å"Hamlet† is when Hamlet stabs Polonius through the curtain. (III:v). This is the climax because since he violently killed Polonius, Hamlets gets into conflicts with the king. * The resolution is when Hamlet returns from England, changed. Hamlet eventually has a fencing match with Laertes and then the royal family dies and so does Hamlet. (V.). Key Quotations: * â€Å"Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother’s death/ The memory be green†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I.ii.1-25) * Claudius addresses his court explaining the death of the King and his marriage to Gertrude. * â€Å"This above all,—to thine own self be true; And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man† (I.iii.78-80) * Polonius speaks these words to Laertes as he gives him final counsel before leaving home. * â€Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (III.i. 58-90) * In this famous soliloquy, Hamlet ponders life and death, suicide and the afterlife, as well as action and inaction. * â€Å"Not where he eats, but where he is eaten. A certain convocation of politic worms are een at him. Your worm is your only emperor for diet. We fat all creatures else to fat  us, and we fat ourselves for maggots. Your fat king and your lean beggar is but variable service—two dishes, but to one table. That’s the end.† (IV.iii.21) * Hamlet says this to the king. In this humorous scene, he speaks of Polonius’s death. Many think that the manner in which he speaks of the death in these lines prove his insanity. * â€Å"The rest is silence† (V.ii.356) * Hamlet’s last words spoken to Horatio before he dies Theme statements central questions: After losing a loved one unjustifiably, one may seek revenge and in doing so explore the limits of sanity. * Why does Hamlet delay in killing Claudius? * Was the ghost real or imagined? * When is murder justifiable? * Is suicide okay? * How much thought is too much thought and not enough action? Your reactions: * I found the soliloquy in Hamlet the most difficult sections of the play to comprehend, particularly due to the old English style in which they were written in. Shakespeare’s dated language and implementation of iambic pentameter often confused me, as did his various allusions and colloquialisms, among other literary devices throughout these extended monologues. I had to re-read the â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy until I was finally able to understand it. Shakespeare reveals of his character’s innermost demons and troubles through his soliloquy, bringing their emotional instability full circle. Realizing this made me strive even harder to understand every aspect of these speeches, every allusion and image and literary device was crucial, even though it appears to be insignificant in the scheme of things. The details truly matter in his works. * Personally, the â€Å"this above all† quote is one of my favorite quotes. Polonius may have been a fool for trying to teach Laertes this lesson at the last possible moment before his departure, but his words are wise ones. Through personal experience I have found truth behind the advice and hold it very close. I’ve discovered that if I remain true to myself and am honest with myself, it is virtually impossible to be false to others.  I’ll always remember these famous words. * One aspect of Hamlet that really stood out to me was the scenes of the ghost. I personally believe that the ghost telling Hamlet to remember him and revenge his father’s death, was actually within the imagination of Hamlet himself. There is no evidence in the play that suggests that the ghost is all in Hamlet’s mind, however, there is no evidence against it, thus making it an effective claim. Notable literary devices: * Shakespeare’s use of tone creates a unique and completely entertaining style of dialogue for the play. The tone uses imagery and diction to add meaning to the text and make the play sad, funny, dark, or even violent at times. * Shakespeare uses poetry in â€Å"Hamlet† and it is written in Iambic Pentameter. â€Å"Hamlet†, having been written in poetry, is portrayed beautifully and because of the meter, is executed properly. * The use of symbols is evident in â€Å"Hamlet†. The skull and the ghost are obvious symbols of death. However, other symbols can be analyzed like Ophelia and flowers, or Ophelia and innocence. Hamlet can be looked at as the â€Å"tragic hero†, and many characters have symbolism behind them. Good for the following prompts: This text would be best implemented in either an analysis or an argument prompt. For the analysis prompt, the student would be presented with a short excerpt from Hamlet and be required to discuss different techniques the author uses throughout the passage, connecting back to the overall meaning of the work as a whole. Any selection from Hamlet highlights Shakespeare’s use of iambic pentameter, as well as his mastery of imagery and allusions. An argument prompt requires the student to analyze a given position in said argument, and either defend, challenge, or qualify the position using their own knowledge of the work. Anything goes with this prompt, so a total understanding of the various interpretations of Hamlet is necessary to succeed. Students must develop their own interpretation of the work and pinpoint elements in the work that contribute to their understanding of it. Hamlet would be an excellent choice when faced with any prompt dealing with revenge, avenging the death of a loved one, insanity, or family values, a few of the central themes of Shakespeare’s work.

Cause and Effect Essay - Impact of Stereotypes and Stereotyping

Cause and Effect Essay - The Impact of Stereotypes In today's society, our natural reaction is to put people into a specific class that we feel they fit into upon our first impression. When we were in high school, they were called clicks. There were your jocks and your cheerleaders, who were usually the most popular students. Along with stoners, nerds, and then the people who really didn't fit into any crowd, they were just there. When we were in high school, all of us wanted to be in the "cool crowd". As described in When I was growing Up by Nellie Wong, "I discovered the rich white girls...imported cotton dresses...and thought that I too should have what these lucky girls had..." In stereotyping people, we perhaps have ruined some great minds. However, when high school was over and the real world came true, high school jocks and cheerleaders didn't have much of a lead on the rest of us. Their popularity became nothing after high school. Our stereotyping of each other could have been very harmful. Some students were intelligent but never given a chance to prove it because of the way they dressed or because they smoked. We could see it in our teachers eyes, and our own, when a student walked in with glasses and a pocket protector we assumed that he was smart and way above the intellect of the class. Same as when we saw a person dressed in all black leather with chains walking in; we think that they will never make anything out of themselves. Now as adults, we work with all types of people. Most of us probably don't realize that all the people we used to make fun of in high school for studying hard or getting good grades are now the potential leaders of our nation. That jokes on us. However, wha... ...ave ruined some great authors, engineers, doctors or even presidents because of our cruel stereotypes. It's hard for society to realize that their simple classification of a person without knowing them directly could have such an effect. If we were to understand that just because we choose to where certain clothes or play sports, that it doesn't mean this is the only thing we know. Society itself is full of plenty of intelligent people, however, most of them will never get a chance to prove this because, either we won't give them a chance anymore, or they have just given up. Why should anyone try to prove their importance to us if we aren't willing to believe them? We've never cared about them, so why should they care about us? As a stereotyping society from as early as childhood, we have set ourselves up for problems, which might never be resolved.